Everything That I Know About Sonic the Hedgehog's Source Code

Clownacy · Apr 1, 2022

(This is another cross-post from my blog, duplicated here because it's relevant, and for preservation in case the blog ever disappears).

I've been meaning to write this for years:

To my understanding, not much is commonly known about the source code of the original Sonic the Hedgehog games. As someone who's been obsessed with the programming of these games for almost ten years, I believe that I know a lot more than most people do. Unfortunately, my memory is awful, and I'm not going to be a Sonic hacker forever, so I want to preserve this information however I can before it's lost again.

As of writing, the source code for the 'classic' Mega Drive Sonic the Hedgehog games has never been found. We do have an exhaustive list of disassemblies, however those do not capture all information that proper source code would give us. For example, while the logic of code is recovered by these disassemblies, the meaning of it might not be. Sometimes, the logic isn't all you need to understand code: it may do something that seems pointless or nonsensical, leaving nearby labels and comments to explain it fully. However, a disassembly cannot reproduce the original labels and comments: those are lost. Likewise, a disassembly cannot reproduce code that was never in the ROM to begin with, such as disabled (or "commented-out") prototype code. Because of this, a disassembly cannot truly replace source code.

However, small snippets of source code have surfaced over the years. The most obvious example I can think of is a fully-intact copy of a single source file (likely "EDIT.ASM") in Sonic 2's "Nick Arcade" prototype.

Sonic 2 "Nick Arcade" prototype's source file
Inside one of Sonic 2's prototypes is a fully intact copy of the source file responsible for the game's "edit mode" (commonly known as "debug mode"):
Code:
        addsym
        nolist
        include "equ.lib"
        include "macro.lib"
        list

        xref    colichgpat
        xref    ringpat,itempat,butapat,kanipat,hachipat,togepat
        xref    fishpat,fish2pat,mogurapat,shimapat2,jyamapat
        xref    musipat,sjumppat,kamerepat,arumapat,kagebpat,ballpat
        xref    firepat,fblockpat,signalpat,bobinpat,yoganpat,yogan2pat
        xref    usapat,yadopat,boxpat,bryukapat,daipat,break2pat,yogancpat
        xref    batpat,z5daipat,dai2pat,switch2pat,z4daipat
        xref    elevpat,pedalpat,steppat,funpat,sisoopat,hassyapat
        xref    brobopat,unipat,yaripat,udaipat,dai3pat,kazaripat,kassyapat
        xref    awapat,mizupat,boupat,benpat,fetamapat,mawarupat,hagurumapat
        xref    patapat,yukafpat,nokopat,dai4pat,doorpat,yukaepat,fire6pat
        xref    elepat,yukaipat,scolipat,imopat,savepat,bigringpat,btenpat
        xref    actionsub,actwkchk,frameout,playpat,dualmodesub
        xref    flicpat,usagipat,pengpat,azarpat,fbutapat,niwapat,risupat

        xref    kaitenpat,prodaipat,buranko0dpat
        xref    frntlitpat,gempat,wfallpat,pltfrmpat
        xref    takipat,banepat,dai00pat

        xref    redzpat,bfishpat,seahorsepat,horsepat
        xref    stegopat,wasppat,gatorpat,bbatpat,octpat,wfish2pat,snailpat

        xdef    edit

;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
edit:
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.b  editmode,d0
        move.w  edit_move_tbl(pc,d0.w),d1
        jmp     edit_move_tbl(pc,d1.w)
edit_move_tbl:
        dc.w    editinit-edit_move_tbl
        dc.w    editmove-edit_move_tbl
editinit:
        addq.b  #word,editmode
        move.w  scralim_up,editstack
        move.w  scralim_n_down,editstack2
        move.w  #$0000,scralim_up
        move.w  #$0720,scralim_n_down
        andi.w  #$07ff,playerwk+yposi
        andi.w  #$07ff,scra_v_posit
        andi.w  #$03ff,scrb_v_posit
        move.b  #0,patno(a0)
        move.b  #0,mstno(a0)
        cmpi.b  #spgamemd,gmmode
        bne.b   .jump0
*       move.b  #7-1,stageno
*       move.w  #$000,rotspd
*       move.w  #$000,rotdir
        moveq   #7-1,d0
        bra.b   .jump1
.jump0:
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.b  stageno,d0
.jump1:
        lea     edittbl,a2
        add.w   d0,d0
        adda.w  (a2,d0.w),a2
        move.w  (a2)+,d6
        cmp.b   editno,d6
        bhi.b   .jump
        move.b  #0,editno
.jump:
        bsr.w   editpatchg
        move.b  #12,edittimer
        move.b  #1,edittimer+1
editmove:
        moveq   #7-1,d0
        cmpi.b  #spgamemd,gmmode
        beq.b   .jump
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.b  stageno,d0
.jump:
        lea     edittbl,a2
        add.w   d0,d0
        adda.w  (a2,d0.w),a2
        move.w  (a2)+,d6
        bsr.w   editwalk
*       bsr.w   dirsprset
        jmp     actionsub
editwalk:
        moveq   #0,d4
        move.w  #1,d1
        move.b  swdata1+1,d4
        andi.w  #$0f,d4
        bne.b   .jump0
        move.b  swdata1,d0
        andi.w  #$0f,d0
        bne.b   .jump
        move.b  #12,edittimer
        move.b  #$0f,edittimer+1
        bra.w   .lend
.jump:
        subq.b  #1,edittimer
        bne.b   .jump1
        move.b  #1,edittimer
        addq.b  #1,edittimer+1
*       cmpi.b  #255,edittimer+1
        bne.b   .jump0
        move.b  #255,edittimer+1
.jump0:
        move.b  swdata1,d4
.jump1:
        moveq   #0,d1
        move.b  edittimer+1,d1
        addq.w  #1,d1
        swap    d1
        asr.l   #4,d1
        move.l  yposi(a0),d2
        move.l  xposi(a0),d3
        btst.l  #0,d4                   *swdata+0
        beq.b   .jump2
        sub.l   d1,d2                   *yposi
        bcc.b   .jump2
        moveq   #0,d2
.jump2:
        btst.l  #1,d4                   *swdata+0
        beq.b   .jump3
        add.l   d1,d2                   *yposi
        cmpi.l  #$7ff0000,d2
        bcs.b   .jump3
        move.l  #$7ff0000,d2
.jump3:
        btst.l  #2,d4                   *swdata+0
        beq.b   .jump4
        sub.l   d1,d3                   *xposi
        bcc.b   .jump4
        moveq   #0,d3
.jump4:
        btst.l  #3,d4                   *swdata+0
        beq.b   .jump5
        add.l   d1,d3                   *xposi
.jump5:
        move.l  d2,yposi(a0)
        move.l  d3,xposi(a0)
.lend:
        btst.b  #6,swdata1+0
        beq.b   .jump7
        btst.b  #5,swdata1+1            * c button check
        beq.b   .jump77
        subq.b  #1,editno
        bcc.b   .jump6
        add.b   d6,editno
        bra.b   .jump6
.jump77:
        btst.b  #6,swdata1+1
        beq.b   .jump7
        addq.b  #1,editno
        cmp.b   editno,d6
        bhi.b   .jump6
        move.b  #0,editno
.jump6:
        bra.w   editpatchg
.jump7:
        btst.b  #5,swdata1+1            * c button check
        beq.b   .jump8
        jsr     actwkchk
        bne.b   .worknai                ;z=0:ok z=1:no
        move.w  xposi(a0),xposi(a1)
        move.w  yposi(a0),yposi(a1)
        move.b  patbase(a0),actno(a1)
        move.b  actflg(a0),actflg(a1)
        move.b  actflg(a0),cddat(a1)
        andi.b  #$7f,cddat(a1)
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.b  editno,d0
        lsl.w   #3,d0
        move.b  4(a2,d0.w),userflag(a1)
        rts
.worknai:
.jump8:
        btst.b  #4,swdata1+1            * b button check
        beq.b   .jump9
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.w  d0,editmode
        move.l  #playpat,playerwk+patbase
        move.w  #$0780,playerwk+sproffset
        tst.w   dualmode                ; dual mode check
        beq.b   .end
        move.w  #$0780/2,playerwk+sproffset
.end:
        move.b  d0,playerwk+mstno
        move.w  d0,xposi+2(a0)
        move.w  d0,yposi+2(a0)
        move.w  editstack,scralim_up
        move.w  editstack2,scralim_n_down
        cmpi.b  #spgamemd,gmmode
        bne.b   .jump9
*       clr.w   rotdir
*       move.w  #$040,rotspd
*       move.l  #playpat,playerwk+patbase
*       move.w  #$0780,playerwk+sproffset
        move.b  #02,playerwk+mstno
        bset.b  #cd_ball,playerwk+cddat
        bset.b  #cd_jump,playerwk+cddat
.jump9:
        rts
editpatchg:
        moveq   #0,d0
        move.b  editno,d0
        lsl.w   #3,d0
        move.l  0(a2,d0.w),patbase(a0)
        move.w  6(a2,d0.w),sproffset(a0)
        move.b  5(a2,d0.w),patno(a0)
*       move.b  4(a2,d0.w),userflag(a0)
        bsr.w   dualmodesub
        rts

dcblw   macro   \1,\2,\3,\4,\5
        dc.l    (\1)*$1000000+(\2)
        dc.w    (\4)+(\5)*$100
        dc.w    (\3)
        endm

edittbl:
        dc.w    edit1tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit2tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit3tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit4tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit5tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit6tbl-edittbl
        dc.w    edit7tbl-edittbl
edit1tbl:
        dc.w    14
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   kani_act,kanipat,$0400,0,$00            ;3:
        dcblw   hachi_act,hachipat,$0444,0,$00          ;4:
        dcblw   fish_act,fishpat,$0470,0,$00            ;5:
        dcblw   toge_act,togepat,$04a0,0,$00            ;6:
        dcblw   shima_act,shimapat2,$4000,0,$00         ;7:
        dcblw   jyama_act,jyamapat,$66c0,0,$00          ;8:
        dcblw   musi_act,musipat,$04e0,0,$00            ;9:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$04a8,0,$00          ;10:
        dcblw   kamere_act,kamerepat,$249b,0,$00        ;11:
        dcblw   kageb_act,kagebpat,$434c,0,$00          ;12:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;13:
        dcblw   colichg_act,colichgpat,$26bc,0,$00      ;14:

edit2tbl:
edit3tbl:
;zone0d
        dc.w    07
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;01:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;02:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$04a8,0,$00          ;03:
        dcblw   colichg_act,colichgpat,$07bc,0,$00      ;04:
        dcblw   kaiten_act,kaitenpat,$e000,0,$00        ;05:
        dcblw   prodai_act,prodaipat,$e418,0,$00        ;06:
        dcblw   buranko_act,buranko0dpat,$2418,0,$08    ;07:

edit4tbl:
;zone00
        dc.w    18
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$047c,0,$01            ;3:

        dcblw   colichg_act,colichgpat,$26bc,0,$00      ;6:
        dcblw   taki_act,takipat,$23ae,0,$00            ;7:
        dcblw   taki_act,takipat,$23ae,3,$02            ;7:
        dcblw   shima_act,dai00pat,$4000,0,$01          ;8:
        dcblw   shima_act,dai00pat,$4000,1,$0a          ;8:
        dcblw   toge_act,togepat,$2434,0,$00            ;10:
        dcblw   sisoo_act,sisoopat,$03ce,0,$00          ;9:

        dcblw   sjump_act,banepat,$045c,0,$80           ;3: banev
        dcblw   sjump_act,banepat,$0470,3,$90           ;3: baneh
        dcblw   sjump_act,banepat,$045c,6,$a0           ;3: banevr
        dcblw   sjump_act,banepat,$043c,7,$30           ;3: bane45
        dcblw   sjump_act,banepat,$043c,10,$40          ;3: bane45r

        dcblw   wasp_act,wasppat,$03e6,0,$00            ;25   ""    ""
        dcblw   snail_act,snailpat,$0402,0,$00          ;25   ""    ""
        dcblw   wfish2_act,wfish2pat,$041c,0,$00        ;21   ""    ""



        dcblw   redz_act,redzpat,$0500,0,$00            ;20: will change
        dcblw   bfish_act,bfishpat,$2530,0,$00          ;21   ""    ""
        dcblw   seahorse_act,horsepat,$2570,0,$00       ;22   ""    ""
        dcblw   skyhorse_act,horsepat,$2570,0,$00       ;23   ""    ""
        dcblw   stego_act,stegopat,$23c4,0,$00          ;24   ""    ""
        dcblw   wasp_act,wasppat,$032c,0,$00            ;25   ""    ""
        dcblw   gator_act,gatorpat,$2300,0,$00          ;26   ""    ""
        dcblw   bbat_act,bbatpat,$2350,0,$00            ;27   ""    ""
        dcblw   oct_act,octpat,$238a,0,$00              ;28   ""    ""

edit5tbl:
edit6tbl:
edit7tbl:
;zone08
        dc.w    15
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:

        dcblw   bgspr_act,frntlitpat,$e485,3,$21        ;3:
        dcblw   wfall_act,wfallpat,$e415,4,$04          ;4:
        dcblw   break_act,pltfrmpat,$4475,0,$00         ;5:
        dcblw   colichg_act,colichgpat,$26bc,0,$00      ;6:

        dcblw   redz_act,redzpat,$0500,0,$00            ;20: will change
        dcblw   bfish_act,bfishpat,$2530,0,$00          ;21   ""    ""
        dcblw   seahorse_act,horsepat,$2570,0,$00       ;22   ""    ""
        dcblw   skyhorse_act,horsepat,$2570,0,$00       ;23   ""    ""
        dcblw   stego_act,stegopat,$23c4,0,$00          ;24   ""    ""
        dcblw   wasp_act,wasppat,$032c,0,$00            ;25   ""    ""
        dcblw   gator_act,gatorpat,$2300,0,$00          ;26   ""    ""
        dcblw   bbat_act,bbatpat,$2350,0,$00            ;27   ""    ""
        dcblw   oct_act,octpat,$238a,0,$00              ;28   ""    ""

;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        align
;------------------------------------------------------------------------------
        end


edit2tbl:
        dc.w    25
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$0523,0,$00          ;3:
        dcblw   fish2_act,fish2pat,$2486,0,$08          ;4:
        dcblw   mogura_act,mogurapat,$84a6,2,$00        ;5:
        dcblw   yari_act,yaripat,$03cc,0,$00            ;6:
        dcblw   yari_act,yaripat,$03cc,3,$02            ;7:
        dcblw   box_act,boxpat,$43de,0,$00              ;8:
        dcblw   switch2_act,switch2pat,$0513,0,$00      ;9:
        dcblw   toge_act,togepat,$051b,0,$00            ;10:
        dcblw   dai_act,udaipat,$43bc,0,$04             ;11:
        dcblw   dai3_act,dai3pat,$43e6,0,$01            ;12:
        dcblw   dai3_act,dai3pat,$43e6,1,$13            ;13:
        dcblw   dai3_act,dai3pat,$43e6,0,$05            ;14:
        dcblw   kazari_act,kazaripat,$443e,0,$00        ;15:
        dcblw   dai3_act,dai3pat,$43e6,2,$27            ;16:
        dcblw   dai3_act,dai3pat,$43e6,3,$30            ;17:
        dcblw   kassya_act,kassyapat,$03f6,0,$7f        ;18:
        dcblw   uni_act,unipat,$0467,0,$00              ;19:
        dcblw   awa_act,awapat,$8348,19,$84             ;20:
        dcblw   mizu_act,mizupat,$c259,2,$02            ;21:
        dcblw   mizu_act,mizupat,$c259,9,$09            ;22:
        dcblw   bou_act,boupat,$43de,0,$00              ;23:
        dcblw   ben_act,benpat,$4328,0,$02              ;24:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;25:

*       dcblw   dai4_act,dai4pat,$41f0,4,$80            ;25:
edit3tbl:
        dc.w    18
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   hachi_act,hachipat,$0444,0,$00          ;3:
        dcblw   toge_act,togepat,$051b,0,$00            ;4:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$0523,0,$00          ;5:
        dcblw   mfire_act,firepat,$0345,0,$00           ;6:
        dcblw   fblock_act,fblockpat,$4000,0,$00        ;7:
        dcblw   myogan_act,yoganpat,$63a8,0,$00         ;8:
        dcblw   yogan2_act,yogan2pat,$63a8,0,$00        ;9:
        dcblw   box_act,boxpat,$42b8,0,$00              ;10:
        dcblw   yado_act,yadopat,$247b,0,$00            ;11:
        dcblw   bryuka_act,bryukapat,$42b8,0,$00        ;12:
        dcblw   dai_act,daipat,$02b8,0,$00              ;13:
        dcblw   break2_act,break2pat,$62b8,0,$00        ;14:
        dcblw   yoganc_act,yogancpat,$8680,0,$00        ;15:
        dcblw   bat_act,batpat,$04b8,0,$00              ;16:
        dcblw   imo_act,imopat,$24ff,0,$00              ;17:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;18:
edit4tbl:
        dc.w    15
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   elev_act,elevpat,$4000,0,$00            ;3:
        dcblw   break2_act,break2pat,$44e0,2,$00        ;4:
        dcblw   shima_act,z4daipat,$4000,0,$00          ;5:
        dcblw   pedal_act,pedalpat,$4000,0,$00          ;6:
        dcblw   step_act,steppat,$4000,0,$00            ;7:
        dcblw   fun_act,funpat,$43a0,0,$00              ;8:
        dcblw   sisoo_act,sisoopat,$0374,0,$00          ;9:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$0523,0,$00          ;10:
        dcblw   mfire_act,firepat,$0480,0,$00           ;11:
        dcblw   bgspr_act,hassyapat,$44d8,0,$00         ;12:
        dcblw   brobo_act,brobopat,$0400,0,$00          ;13:
        dcblw   uni_act,unipat,$2429,0,$00              ;14:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;15:
edit5tbl:
        dc.w    15
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   toge_act,togepat,$051b,0,$00            ;3:
        dcblw   sjump_act,sjumppat,$0523,0,$00          ;4:
        dcblw   aruma_act,arumapat,$04b8,0,$00          ;5:
        dcblw   signal_act,signalpat,$0000,0,$00        ;6:
        dcblw   bobin_act,bobinpat,$0380,0,$00          ;7:
        dcblw   kani_act,kanipat,$0400,0,$00            ;8:
        dcblw   hachi_act,hachipat,$0444,0,$00          ;9:
        dcblw   yado_act,yadopat,$247b,0,$00            ;10:
        dcblw   shima_act,z5daipat,$4000,0,$00          ;11:
        dcblw   dai2_act,dai2pat,$4000,0,$00            ;12:
        dcblw   switch2_act,switch2pat,$0513,0,$00      ;13:
        dcblw   imo_act,imopat,$24ff,0,$00              ;14:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;15:
edit6tbl:
        dc.w    29
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   item_act,itempat,$0680,0,$00            ;2:
        dcblw   brobo_act,brobopat,$0400,0,$00          ;3:
        dcblw   uni_act,unipat,$0429,0,$00              ;4:
        dcblw   imo_act,imopat,$22b0,0,$00              ;5:
        dcblw   buranko_act,fetamapat,$4391,2,$07       ;6:
        dcblw   haguruma_act,hagurumapat,$c344,00,$e0   ;7:
        dcblw   dai_act,daipat,$22c0,2,$28              ;8:
        dcblw   switch2_act,switch2pat,$0513,0,$00      ;9:
        dcblw   pata_act,patapat,$4492,0,$03            ;10:
        dcblw   pata_act,yukafpat,$04df,0,$83           ;11:
        dcblw   noko_act,nokopat,$43b5,0,$02            ;12:
        dcblw   break2_act,break2pat,$43f5,0,$00        ;13:
        dcblw   dai_act,daipat,$4460,3,$39              ;14:
        dcblw   dai4_act,dai4pat,$22c0,0,$00            ;15:
        dcblw   door_act,doorpat,$42e8,0,$00            ;16:
        dcblw   dai4_act,dai4pat,$22c0,1,$13            ;17:
        dcblw   noko_act,nokopat,$43b5,0,$01            ;18:
        dcblw   dai4_act,dai4pat,$22c0,1,$24            ;19:
        dcblw   noko_act,nokopat,$43b5,2,$04            ;20:
        dcblw   dai4_act,dai4pat,$22c0,1,$34            ;21:
        dcblw   yukae_act,yukaepat,$44c3,0,$00          ;22:
        dcblw   fire6_act,fire6pat,$83d9,0,$64          ;23:
        dcblw   fire6_act,fire6pat,$83d9,11,$64         ;24:
        dcblw   ele_act,elepat,$047e,0,$04              ;25:
        dcblw   yukai_act,yukaipat,$42f0,0,$00          ;26:
        dcblw   scoli_act,scolipat,$8680,0,$11          ;27:
        dcblw   buta_act,butapat,$2302,0,$04            ;28:
        dcblw   save_act,savepat,$26bc,0,$01            ;29:

*       dcblw   ring_act,playpat,$0780,50,$00           ;28:
*       dcblw   usa_act,usapat,$0448,0,$00              ;5:
*       dcblw   mawaru_act,mawarupat,$4348,16,$00       ;7:

edit7tbl:
        dc.w    02      *13
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,0,$00            ;1:
        dcblw   ring_act,ringpat,$26bc,8,$00            ;2:
*       dcblw   bobin_act,bobinpat,$0380,0,$00          ;2:
*       dcblw   usagi_act,flicpat,$05a0,0,$0a           ;3
*       dcblw   usagi_act,flicpat,$05a0,0,$0b           ;4
*       dcblw   usagi_act,flicpat,$05a0,0,$0c           ;5
*       dcblw   usagi_act,usagipat,$0553,0,$0d          ;6
*       dcblw   usagi_act,usagipat,$0553,0,$0e          ;7
*       dcblw   usagi_act,pengpat,$0573,0,$0f           ;8
*       dcblw   usagi_act,pengpat,$0573,0,$10           ;9
*       dcblw   usagi_act,azarpat,$0585,0,$11           ;10
*       dcblw   usagi_act,fbutapat,$0593,0,$12          ;11
*       dcblw   usagi_act,niwapat,$0565,0,$13           ;12
*       dcblw   usagi_act,risupat,$05b3,0,$14           ;13
This source code contains everything: code, comments, labels, and even disabled prototype code that we never knew even existed before. Notably, these labels give the internal names of enemies and objects used throughout the game, while the comments elaborate on the intended level order. The source code snippet even gives some insight into the exact assembler used to build the source code into a ROM.

That's not the only useful data in this prototype however...

Sonic 2 "Nick Arcade" prototype's symbol list
Starting at ROM address 0x418A8 is what appears to be a partial copy of the assembler's symbol table. Oddly, it doesn't appear to match the ROM, as labels that appear in the above source code are recorded in this symbol table at different addresses to where they are in the actual ROM. It can be assumed, based on this, that this symbol table is leftover from a previous execution of the assembler, rather than the one that produced the ROM that we have.

From roughly 0x418A8 to 0x47B14, the symbol table follows this format:

The first four bytes denote the length of the symbol identifier divided by four, and rounded up. That is to say, it denotes the number of longwords needed to hold the identifier. Notably, this length is stored in big-endian format.

The following longwords contain the label. Unused bytes are set to 00.

The following four bytes contain the value that is assigned to that symbol. This value is also in big-endian.

Here's an example:

00 00 00 02 65 64 69 74 69 6E 69 74 00 01 AB 12

The first four bytes are 00000002, indicating an identifier that is 2 longwords (or 8 bytes) long.

The next eight bytes are 65646974696E6974. When interpreted as ASCII, it is "editinit", which is one of the labels seen in the above source code.

The following four bytes are 0001AB12, which is the ROM address that was assigned to this label when the assembler that produced this symbol table was ran. In the ROM we have, however, "editinit" is located at 0001BABE.

Past 0x47B14, the format of the symbol table changes. Unfortunately, the entries don't seem to specify what each symbol's value is, instead containing what appears to be three pointers. This format continues to 0x50000, when actual game data resumes.

The symbol table begins again at 0x50A9C, but in another format that seems to just contain identifiers and pointers.

[EDIT: I'm a dummy: apparently you *can* extract meaningful data from the later parts of the symbol table, as someone else was able to and produce this massive list.]

While the later symbols don't contain any useful information, they are still useful for determining the original names of various bits of code. For example, the label 'random' is certainly what we've been calling 'RandomNumber' in the Sonic 2 disassembly. Additionally, 'bgmset' and 'soundset' are more than likely 'PlayMusic' and 'PlaySound'. What's notable about that last one is that it answers the question of whether 'PlayMusic' really was intended to play music, since sometimes it's used to play sounds instead, which caused people to question whether it actually was a dedicated music-playing function, or simply a generic 'play something' function.

One might be wondering why there's an intact source file and a partial symbol table in the middle of a ROM. Well, the space that this data occupies is what would normally be padding: towards the end of the ROM, the game's data is spaced-out for some reason, leaving big gaps. My theory is that whatever tool the devs were using to produce the final ROM simply malloc'd a huge buffer, and pasted data where it was needed, never initialising the unused space. This resulted in the unused space containing garbage data, leftover in memory from other programs.

This isn't the only time that symbol data appears in a Sonic game:

Sonic & Knuckles Collection's symbol list
Unfortunately, I can't comment too much on this due to not having a copy of Sonic & Knuckles Collection on hand. However, this game contains another instance of symbol data, inside its main EXE.

For the most complete set of symbols, however, one need not look further than...

Sonic CD's unstripped ELF files
Sonic Gems is a compilation of various emulated classic Sonic titles. Its version of Sonic CD, however, is not emulated: rather, it is a port of Sonic CD's PC port.

One might be wondering how a game written in Motorola 68000 assembly could have ever been ported to anything with a different CPU architecture. The answer to that is that its code was machine-converted from assembly to C. Notably, this process preserved the original labels, and possibly even the original comments.

Within the files of Sonic Gems, you can find a series of ELF files, which parallel the DLL files of Sonic CD's original PC port. What's special about these ELF files is that they are unstripped, containing huge amounts of symbol data.

When loaded into something like IDA or Ghidra, this symbol data is taken advantage of while disassembling or decompiling the code. This reverse-engineered code will have its original labels intact, giving a great look into the original source code. Unfortunately, the code you'll be looking at is the disassembled/decompiled output of PowerPC/MIPS assembly which was generated from C which was converted from 68k assembly. That is to say, it's hideous and practically unreadable. Still, if you're able to draw parallels between this code and the original 68k assembly, you effectively have a pre-labelled disassembly.

These ELF files also contain some debug data, such as the paths of various source files. I was able to extract a bunch of them back in 2018:

C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\DLLMAIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ACTION.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ACTSET.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\DAI_K.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\DAI_RD1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\DIRCOL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\DUMMY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\EDIT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\EMIE1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\EMIE1CG.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ENEMY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\EQU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ET1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ETC.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\FCOL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\GAME.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\GOAL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\IO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ITEM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLAYER.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLAYPAT1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLAYSP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLAYSUB.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLCHG.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\RIDECHK.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\RING.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SCORE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SCRCHK.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPRING.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SUICIDE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TAKI.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TBL0.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TBL1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TREE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ZONE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\ZONETBL1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\ACT11A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\COL1A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV11A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL11A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KOWASI1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR11A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZURE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR11A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SHOOT1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SIKAKE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z11ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\BLOCK.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\LOADER2.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\BMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\COLI1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z11ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SAVE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\FRIEND1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\MOVIE1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\ACT11B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\COL1B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV11B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL11B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR11B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR11B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z11BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV11C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR11C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z11CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL11C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR11C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\COL1C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV11D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL11D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR11D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z11DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\COL1D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR11D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\ACT12A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV12A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL12A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR12A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\BRANKO1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR12A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z12ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z12ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV12B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL12B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR12B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR12B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z12BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV12C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL12C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR12C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR12C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z12CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV12D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL12D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\KUZUR12D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR12D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z12DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\ACT13C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV13C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\EDTBL13C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR13C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z13ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z13CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\BOSS_1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\DEV13D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\SCR13D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R1\Z13DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\BANPA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\BOBIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\BOBINB.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\COLI3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL31A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ET3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\FRIEND3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\GA3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\PLAYSP3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\POCKET.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\TOGEBL3A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\TRAP_R3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z31ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\MIRACLE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\COL3A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR31A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z31ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV31A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ACT31A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\MECASNC.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\MSNCCG.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\TENTOU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\KAMA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLPAT6.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\MOVIE3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ZONETBL3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ACT31B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\COL3B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV31B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL31B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z31BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR31B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\TOGEBL3B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\COL3C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV31C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL31C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z31CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR31C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\TOGEBL3D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\COL3D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV31D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL31D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z31DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR31D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV32A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL32A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z32ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z32ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR32A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ACT32A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV32B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL32B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z32BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR32B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV32C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL32C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z32CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR32C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV32D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL32D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z32DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR32D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ACT33C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV33C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\EDTBL33C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z33CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z33ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SIKAKE33.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\LIGHT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\STOPPER.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\BOSS_3.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\GATE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\ROLLPLAT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR33C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\DEV33D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\Z33DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R3\SCR33D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\ACT41A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\COL4A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\COLI4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\DEV41A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\EDTBL41A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\ET4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\SCR41A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\SCRCHK4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\SW4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\SWBLK4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\Z41ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\Z41ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\ZONETBL4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\GAME4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\PLAYSUB4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\AWA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\HARID4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\TOBIRA4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\HARIR4.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R4\WALLS.C
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C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV71D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR71D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z71DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR72A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z72ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV72A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z72ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV72B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR72B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z72BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV72C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR72C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z72CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV72D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR72D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z72DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR73C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\ACT73.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\EDTBL73.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z73ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\GAITOU73.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\WALL73.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\EMIE7.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z73CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV73C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\HARI73.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\EMIE7CG.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\BOSS_7.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\SCR73D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\DEV73D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R7\Z73DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\PLPAT8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\ACT81A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\COL8A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\COLI8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV81A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\EDTBL81.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR81A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z81ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z81ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\ZONETBL8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\TRAP_R81.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\KABUTO8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\KOMA8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SW8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\OKUSIESO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\TOBIRA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\KONBEA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCARAB.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\KUZURE8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\NOKOGIRI.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\PROPERA8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DAI8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\HACHI8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\ET8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\FRIEND8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\PISTON.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\HAGURUMA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCRCHK8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\COL8B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR81B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z81BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV81B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\COL8C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR81C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z81CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV81C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\COL8D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR81D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z81DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV81D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\PLAYSP8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\ACT82A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\EDTBL82.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\TRAP_R82.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z82ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z82ATBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\BEAM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SHUT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV82A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SHOOT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DANGO8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\LEGMECA8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\BIGBOM8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR82A.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\JETTOGE8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\PIPE8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV82B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR82B.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z82BTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV82C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR82C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z82CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV82D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR82D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z82DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\EDTBL83.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR83C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z83ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z83CTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\BOSS_8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV83C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\ACT83.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\EMIE8.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\KONBEA83.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\TRAP_R83.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\HOTA8C.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\DEV83D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\SCR83D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\Z83DTBL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\R8\HOTA8D.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\ACT_S.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\BACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\BMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\COLI_S.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\COMMON.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\DATA_S1.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\ENS.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\ETC_M.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\ETC_S.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\FADEIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\GAME.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\KAITEN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\PLS.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\SPM_EQU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\SPS_EQU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\SPECIAL\SIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\AVIGOOD\AVIGODDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\AVIGOOD\AVIGODEN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\AVIOPEN\AVIOPNDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\AVIOPEN\AVIOPNEN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTITEM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\BESTTIME\BESTSPRT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\COMMON\HMX_OEEACTL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\OPENING\OPNBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\OPENING\OPNDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\OPENING\OPNENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\OPENING\OPNGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\OPENING\OPNPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\ACTM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\ASCIISET.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\ASCMAP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\CHAMOV.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\DATA_M.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\ETC.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\FLASH.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\KAITEN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\LPLMAIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\PALET.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\PLM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\PLS.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\SPM_EQU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\PLANET\SPS_EQU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDEDIT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDFILE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDMENU.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SAVEDATA\SVDSPRT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\SOUNDTST\SNDSPRT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGITEM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\STAGETST\STGSPRT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\TA\TA.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\TA\FADEIN.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\TA\TACOLOR.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\TA\TAEACTRL.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\ACT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\BM_M.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\CHRSET.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\DATA_SP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\ETC_M.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\FADE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\GAME.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\IO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\SPM.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\THANKS\SPRMOVE.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDBMP.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDDO.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDENTRY.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDGRID.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDPALT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\TITLE\VISUALMD\VMDSPRT.C
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\ps2\main\WARP\WARP.C

This file list gives you a look at the layout of Sonic CD's source code. Notably, you can see 'EDIT.C', which is very likely the file that originally contained the code seen in Sonic 2's "Nick Arcade" prototype.

Sonic Gems isn't the only game to contain unstripped executables like this. For instance, The Legend of Zelda Collector's Edition contains an unstripped executable for its Nintendo 64 emulator (or "simulator", as it calls itself. Yeah, sure, Nintendo).

Yuji Naka's video
A few years back, Yuji Naka found some old footage of him working on Sonic 1 back in February 1990. In this video, he scrolls through a portion of the game's source code, giving us yet another sighting of authentic source code:

Sonic hackers looked into this footage, and were able to produce a transcription of the source code, 'FCOL3.ASM':
Code:
*cd_walk            equ 0*2
*cd_jump            equ 1*2
*cd_up              equ 2*2
*cd_down            equ 3*2

updotmax        equ -4
downdotmax      equ 4
jumpdotmax      equ 8

;sprvo          equ $1c
;sprho          equ $1d
;sprvs          equ $1e
;sprhs          equ $1f
;------------------------------------------------------------------------
;   foot colition
;
;col:
    move.w  yposi(a0),d4
    move.b  sprvo(a0),d1
    add.b   sprvs(a0),d1
    ext.w   d1
    add.w   d1,d4
    move.w  xposi(a0),d5
    move.b  sprho(a0),d1
    ext.w   d1
    add.w   d1,d5
    move.w  xspeed(a0),scrhithz
?loop:
    move.w  d4,d2
    move.w  d5,d3
    moveq   #0,d0
    move.b  sprhs(a0),d0
    tst.w   xspeed(a0)
    bpl.b   ?jump
*   btst.b  #cd_right,cddot(a0)
*   beq.b   ?jump
    neg.w   d0
?jump:
    add.w   d0,d3
    bsr.w   scdchk
    tst.w   d1
    beq.b   ?end
    bpl.b   ?down
?up:
    cmp.w   #updotmax,d1
    blt.b   ?nomove
    add.w   d1,yposi(a0)
?end:
    rts
?nomove:
    bsr.b   hoseihsub
    bra.b   ?loop
    move.w  #0,xspeed(a0)
    rts
?down:
    move.w  d1,d6
    swap    d6
?down2:
    move.w  d4,d2
    move.w  d6,d3
    moveq   #0,d0
    move.b  sprhs(a0),d0
    tst.w   xspeed(a0)
    bpl.b   ?jump3
*   btst    #cd_left,cddot(a0)
*   bne.s   ?jump3
    neg.w   d0
?jump3:
    add.w   d0,d3
    bsr.w   scdchk
    tst.w   d1
    beq.b   ?end2
    bpl.b   ?down1
?up2:
    cmp.w   #updotmax,d1
    blt.b   ?nomove2
Also visible in the footage was a brief glance of a partial file list:
Code:
                        ENEMY.ASM
            FCOL.ASM    FCOL.BAK
FCOL3.ASM   GAME.ASM    INT.ASM
LOGO.ASM    MACRO.LIB   MAIN.ASM
ML.EVT      ML.S28      OBJ¥
S           S.CMD       SCORE.ASM
SOUND¥      TR¥
Some of these filenames may seem familiar, as they survived into Sonic CD. Note that the items ending with the Yen symbol are actually directories, and not files.

This footage is also noteworthy for showing that Sonic 1 was developed on DOS. This is something that I'll come back to later.

Patent US5411272A
A tiny snippet of source code can be found in a patent that Sega filed around the time of Sonic 2's release. It contains two tables that are responsible for Emerald Hill Zone's spiral loops. While it's not all that insightful, it does give you a look at the original formatting of these tables, and how the data was grouped.

J2ME
The developers of the J2ME version of Sonic 1 appear to have had access to Sonic 1's source code, or at least its assets: this is evident through how its filenames reflect labels found in the original source code. For instance, 'scdtblwk.scd', matches the label 'scdtblwk' that is found in Sonic 2's "Nick Arcade" prototype.

Most notably, however, some of the files in this version appear to be 'raw', unprocessed versions of the data found in the ROM of the Mega Drive version. For example, there's an unused function in Sonic 2 that converts the collision data from a previously-unknown format to the format that is seen in the ROM itself, and it was discovered that the collision files in the J2ME version are in this mysterious format.

There are other file format oddities as well, such as block priority being stored in its own file, instead of being embedded in the chunk data. It's possible that this too is how the data was originally formatted, before being converted into its final form for inclusion in the ROM.

Assembler
So we have all this information about the source code itself, and the game's assets, but what about the development environment? Well, for starters, from the footage we saw earlier, we can tell that Sonic 1 was developed on DOS computers.

According to LazloPsylus, Sonic 1 was very evidently assembled with the 2500AD assembler, X68k, based partly on the fact that the syntax of the code snippet seen in Yuji Naka's footage is unusual, and unlikely to have built with any other assembler.

However, it does not appear that Sonic 2 was assembled with X68k, as the "Nick Arcade" source code snippet uses a different syntax. It's plausible that Sonic 2 was assembled with SN 68k, also known as asm68k, however the presence of an 'addsym' directive, which is not supported by asm68k, calls this into question.

Further complicating matters is something that I discovered while writing this very blog post: the "Nick Arcade" symbol table uses big-endian integers. DOS PCs are x86, and store their integers in little-endian. This suggests that Sonic 2 wasn't assembled on a DOS PC at all, unlike Sonic 1, and rather that it was assembled on a big-endian platform like a 68k-powered Macintosh. Another indication of this is that the "Nick Arcade" source snippet uses Unix-style line endings (0x0A), instead of DOS-style line endings (0x0D 0x0A).

There's some evidence to suggest that Sonic 2 used a different assembler between REV01 and REV02: cross-object-file function calls behave differently, 'dc.b' directives are automatically padded, some 'addi' and 'subi' instructions were optimised to 'addq' and 'subq' instructions, and some 'lea' instructions were unoptimised from PC-relative addressing to absolute long addressing. The cross-object-file behaviour of REV00 and REV01 matches that of the "Nick Arcade" prototype, so it can be assumed that Sonic 2 used the same assembler throughout development up until REV02.

Something I just discovered while writing this blog post is that Sonic 1's machine code is similar to Sonic 2 REV02: in code that is shared between Sonic 1 and Sonic 2, the same 'addi' and 'subi' instructions are 'addq' and 'subq' in both Sonic 1 and Sonic 2 REV02. Likewise, the same 'lea' instructions are unoptimised. With this in mind, it would appear that Sonic 2 was migrated back to X68k during the development of REV02, and it would continue to use this assembler as it was used to develop Sonic 3, Knuckles in Sonic 2, and the Mega Play arcade version of Sonic 2.

Sonic 2's source file boundaries
While we don't have an exact list of Sonic 2's source files, we do have a way of determining where its original source files began and ended: the assembler used by Sonic 2 before REV02 would resolve cross-object-file function calls in a clunky way, basically proxying them to little 'JmpTo' functions. To put it literally, a 'bsr' instruction that referenced a label which was outside of the current object file would instead branch to a single-instruction function that was appended to the end of the object file, which would itself jump to the 'bsr' instruction's original destination. Because these 'JmpTo' functions are inserted at the end of the object file, they can be used to tell where an object file (and thus a source file) ended.

From this, we can determine things like that the ring object (object 0x25), the scattered ring object (object 0x37), the big Special Stage ring object leftover from Sonic 1, and the Casino Night Zone ring prize object (object 0xDC) were all stored in the same source file.

Sonic 2 "Simon Wai" prototype's unassembled Kosinski file
Like the "Nick Arcade" prototype before it, Sonic 2's "Simon Wai" prototype includes another source code file. This one, however, is not entirely complete, but it contains more than enough useful information:
Code:
; 圧縮前 $8000  圧縮後 $2c00  圧縮率 34.4%  セル数 1024
   dc.b    $1d,$7f,$00,$ff,$f8,$7e,$04,$01,$fb,$02,$00,$03,$04,$05,$04,$80
   dc.b    $ff,$fa,$ff,$07,$54,$0b,$54,$0a,$50,$0c,$50,$ff,$8f,$0d,$54,$0f
   dc.b    $54,$0e,$50,$10,$50,$11,$52,$19,$52,$18,$ff,$ff,$fc,$1a,$52,$1b
   dc.b    $51,$8a,$51,$8b,$52,$1c,$02,$1e,$02,$1f,$02,$2a,$9f,$ff,$02,$2b
   dc.b    $01,$8c,$01,$8d,$f4,$1d,$02,$2c,$02,$2d,$01,$ff,$f4,$88,$01,$89
   dc.b    $01,$8e,$01,$8f,$02,$1a,$e4,$02,$2e,$02,$46,$c0,$2f,$e0,$ff,$1b
   dc.b    $ec,$fc,$dc,$00,$70,$02,$c4,$d4,$ee,$18,$02,$19,$01,$3f,$f6,$fd
   dc.b    $e4,$e6,$04,$2e,$04,$2d,$04,$9d,$fe,$77,$bd,$00,$be,$f9,$50,$31
   dc.b    $54,$30,$54,$2f,$7f,$f8,$56,$03,$56,$02,$56,$01,$05,$ff,$f0,$52
   dc.b    $1d,$52,$1e,$e1,$9f,$52,$1f,$fc,$50,$3e,$54,$3c,$56,$04,$54,$36
   dc.b    $09,$e0,$c4,$9c,$f8,$ea,$1a,$50,$48,$24,$41,$ba,$a4,$b2,$fc,$fc
   dc.b    $21,$9a,$f2,$80,$f6,$9c,$fc,$1d,$5e,$92,$68,$01,$8a,$01,$8b,$ee
   dc.b    $fc,$68,$f2,$fd,$d5,$fd,$ce,$f7,$f7,$80,$fd,$f0,$f8,$0f,$04,$35
   dc.b    $f0,$f8,$0d,$54,$3f,$54,$39,$7f,$fe,$54,$38,$01,$ff,$02,$00,$06
   dc.b    $00,$60,$1a,$54,$43,$54,$ff,$f3,$42,$55,$fe,$55,$fd,$55,$fc,$55
   dc.b    $fb,$54,$46,$a4,$1c,$ff,$11,$50,$49,$54,$44,$54,$52,$50,$51,$54
   dc.b    $50,$80,$b2,$12,$8e,$8f,$4e,$06,$fc,$f2,$f2,$3c,$90,$fa,$58,$5c
   dc.b    $80,$f8,$20,$60,$f8,$20,$40,$f3,$02,$0a,$02,$2c,$3c,$0b,$70,$40
   dc.b    $f6,$86,$2a,$54,$29,$52,$f4,$62,$f8,$11,$c0,$f1,$2a,$52,$2b,$bc
   dc.b    $f4,$fc,$1a,$62,$f1,$72,$6e,$f2,$f2,$78,$00,$16,$bd,$fe,$00,$17
   dc.b    $fc,$f8,$0c,$18,$00,$19,$fc,$f8,$0c,$e0,$f8,$2e,$54,$06,$54,$04
   dc.b    $50,$fb,$be,$08,$50,$09,$f8,$fe,$50,$12,$50,$13,$fc,$f8,$0b,$00
   dc.b    $14,$00,$15,$f7,$fc,$fc,$f8,$0c,$1e,$00,$1f,$fc,$f8,$0c,$20,$00
   dc.b    $21,$fc,$f4,$50,$f5,$f7,$07,$50,$f6,$50,$f7,$e8,$fe,$50,$f8,$50
   dc.b    $87,$52,$1b,$3c,$1f,$fd,$e0,$fc,$50,$f9,$50,$85,$40,$ae,$f1,$50
   dc.b    $fa,$50,$fb,$07,$e1,$50,$fc,$50,$8b,$f6,$86,$f1,$2a,$1c,$50,$2f
   dc.b    $b2,$8c,$50,$8d,$50,$8e,$24,$f1,$24,$ee,$0a,$24,$9a,$eb,$92,$f3
   dc.b    $7c,$f2,$0a,$f2,$e0,$ec,$af,$9f,$dc,$05,$6d,$ae,$ef,$60,$f2,$1a
   dc.b    $06,$25,$01,$89,$45,$94,$e4,$4e,$ed,$e0,$e8,$2a,$f3,$11,$ae,$e0
   dc.b    $f0,$c0,$28,$02,$29,$38,$f6,$00,$8c,$c0,$fd,$ce,$e4,$a0,$59,$44
   dc.b    $c0,$8d,$ce,$00,$ea,$bc,$e0,$0b,$a8,$d6,$fc,$1b,$dc,$e2,$f8,$f0
   dc.b    $68,$ec,$ea,$bd,$f8,$e5,$20,$f0,$15,$a0,$e8,$09,$20,$f0,$16,$50
   dc.b    $54,$0d,$20,$f5,$1b,$52,$1c,$92,$a0,$dc,$e4,$60,$e5,$a8,$6e,$e2
   dc.b    $80,$6e,$e4,$82,$28,$12,$fc,$4e,$e2,$80,$6e,$e2,$44,$ee,$e7,$fa
   dc.b    $00,$66,$8e,$fe,$56,$25,$51,$8c,$c0,$c2,$e4,$bc,$f0,$fe,$38,$02
   dc.b    $15,$d8,$80,$fc,$06,$f8,$9d,$59,$f0,$12,$02,$11,$02,$10,$80,$fc
   dc.b    $f6,$5a,$30,$fe,$e0,$ee,$13,$80,$2e,$52,$2f,$f9,$6d,$7f,$f5,$05
   dc.b    $f9,$02,$16,$00,$23,$00,$24,$e4,$f3,$f2,$f1,$80,$ea,$50,$2b,$20
   dc.b    $8c,$50,$76,$5a,$f3,$84,$51,$89,$40,$a0,$5c,$58,$60,$6e,$00,$f9
   dc.b    $11,$95,$ae,$f5,$1b,$5a,$f6,$6a,$e3,$6a,$fc,$02,$82,$e8,$10,$96
   dc.b    $ee,$ea,$47,$0f,$ce,$f2,$13,$02,$14,$76,$b2,$f2,$16,$02,$17,$44
   dc.b    $8c,$ee,$e4,$88,$ea,$33,$fa,$d4,$04,$23,$f2,$e4,$e6,$fc,$54,$27
   dc.b    $54,$4f,$e4,$94,$54,$93,$04,$92,$e0,$ea,$e4,$f2,$54,$af,$af,$85
   dc.b    $54,$97,$04,$98,$c6,$fd,$52,$f3,$54,$87,$54,$99,$bc,$fc,$ff,$ff
   dc.b    $00,$e8,$39,$50,$6b,$50,$6c,$50,$6d,$50,$73,$50,$74,$50,$75,$50
   dc.b    $76,$50,$ff,$8f,$77,$50,$78,$50,$79,$50,$15,$50,$7a,$50,$7b,$50
   dc.b    $7c,$5e,$51,$f8,$20,$ee,$12,$00,$13,$fc,$f8,$0c,$00,$e8,$0e,$08
   dc.b    $6e,$e2,$4d,$d2,$fc,$f2,$bc,$d2,$8a,$32,$ee,$f6,$60,$04,$f0,$fa
   dc.b    $22,$fa,$00,$23,$06,$5c,$32,$fc,$80,$f1,$26,$54,$25,$67,$c1,$50
   dc.b    $27,$f6,$58,$20,$80,$f2,$20,$60,$d1,$51,$55,$f1,$6d,$d8,$80,$f3
   dc.b    $cc,$f3,$28,$f1,$80,$f0,$09,$12,$dc,$2d,$a3,$04,$e1,$d8,$ea,$18
   dc.b    $84,$d6,$a0,$d8,$4f,$41,$80,$f4,$02,$25,$01,$24,$ae,$05,$c0,$80
   dc.b    $f4,$88,$23,$f0,$25,$92,$12,$05,$fa,$ab,$02,$d6,$e0,$ff,$92,$f3
   dc.b    $e0,$fc,$8a,$f1,$e0,$86,$a7,$88,$10,$88,$01,$f9,$01,$fa,$80,$5d
   dc.b    $21,$05,$fa,$60,$fc,$50,$28,$80,$fe,$e0,$e9,$fc,$2d,$1b,$94,$84
   dc.b    $bc,$c9,$52,$86,$c0,$ce,$64,$ea,$2a,$7c,$74,$19,$fa,$e9,$76,$d2
   dc.b    $58,$55,$05,$48,$01,$5d,$f9,$5e,$f2,$fc,$f4,$57,$05,$52,$85,$e9
   dc.b    $1b,$05,$49,$f4,$fe,$02,$d5,$ff,$f2,$f4,$f8,$09,$ff,$f8,$32,$32
   dc.b    $d6,$96,$ca,$ff,$d8,$38,$50,$39,$50,$3f,$a2,$49,$a2,$4a,$fc,$54
   dc.b    $ea,$fe,$7f,$af,$02,$0d,$02,$0e,$02,$0f,$06,$0d,$cc,$f8,$0a,$c1
   dc.b    $00,$c2,$bc,$f8,$0c,$d2,$f9,$f0,$f8,$2c,$c0,$e1,$f0,$07,$04,$05
   dc.b    $f1,$07,$51,$bf,$aa,$75,$50,$c1,$50,$c2,$54,$31,$a0,$c6,$ac,$da
   dc.b    $ee,$f5,$46,$f2,$aa,$20,$60,$f3,$e4,$f3,$dc,$de,$d2,$cc,$6e,$de
   dc.b    $d4,$52,$d8,$0c,$b2,$ac,$e2,$e8,$5c,$f3,$d8,$c8,$e2,$82,$b2,$20
   dc.b    $de,$34,$f3,$ec,$1a,$f2,$84,$db,$b8,$84,$6a,$e8,$fe,$c4,$b8,$c0
   dc.b    $b8,$49,$20,$fc,$c0,$b8,$10,$1b,$2d,$e8,$08,$f3,$00,$f1,$51,$fc
   dc.b    $da,$8a,$f2,$bd,$ae,$d7,$97,$01,$73,$06,$99,$fc,$fe,$98,$f6,$e4
   dc.b    $04,$0a,$fc,$f6,$f4,$9b,$7f,$46,$f6,$06,$9f,$02,$e2,$0a,$98,$0a
   dc.b    $f4,$e6,$38,$e9,$fe,$e3,$04,$00,$fa,$f4,$fc,$50,$f5,$93,$43,$e2
   dc.b    $06,$91,$02,$fe,$92,$f8,$f0,$07,$84,$98,$06,$96,$02,$fe,$b0,$f8
   dc.b    $91,$20,$06,$95,$f0,$c4,$fe,$9a,$8d,$87,$f8,$06,$9c,$f0,$e4,$02
   dc.b    $e5,$aa,$08,$fe,$02,$bc,$f8,$fa,$eb,$32,$50,$33,$50,$34,$9f,$ff
   dc.b    $50,$b4,$50,$b5,$50,$b6,$fc,$b7,$50,$b8,$50,$b9,$54,$e1,$fb,$b9
   dc.b    $f0,$fe,$ba,$f0,$bb,$f0,$bc,$68,$d2,$06,$19,$fc,$ff,$f4,$ae,$fc
   dc.b    $ad,$fc,$ac,$fc,$ab,$fc,$aa,$f0,$fc,$a6,$fc,$fb,$8b,$a5,$fc,$a4
   dc.b    $48,$d6,$30,$be,$3c,$a3,$3c,$a2,$38,$d0,$09,$c5,$56,$f0,$a1,$58
   dc.b    $c0,$0b,$f0,$a0,$f0,$f8,$0e,$9f,$40,$b0,$52,$58,$d5,$b5,$6e,$80
   dc.b    $f7,$58,$d5,$80,$f0,$0d,$f1,$72,$cc,$80,$f7,$01,$6d,$c0,$f8,$1e
   dc.b    $58,$45,$fd,$48,$f6,$bc,$fc,$c0,$c0,$ee,$9c,$ea,$18,$a1,$6d,$01
   dc.b    $4b,$f8,$48,$05,$55,$8e,$cc,$a6,$f0,$52,$05,$57,$d1,$a0,$05,$56
   dc.b    $ec,$38,$ea,$88,$a0,$32,$cb,$c0,$fe,$ec,$fe,$c6,$f0,$ec,$fe,$01
   dc.b    $1f,$02,$5d,$01,$ff,$bf,$0f,$01,$10,$02,$45,$02,$30,$02,$31,$c1
   dc.b    $da,$c2,$33,$c2,$32,$ff,$cf,$d2,$e2,$02,$34,$02,$35,$02,$32,$c1
   dc.b    $db,$c2,$3c,$02,$3d,$7f,$00,$f0,$47,$02,$36,$02,$37,$c1,$dc,$e0
   dc.b    $ea,$0e,$ff,$f0,$44,$ce,$c5,$d8,$c1,$d9,$02,$40,$02,$f0,$ff,$41
   dc.b    $f0,$c1,$d4,$c1,$d5,$c1,$d6,$c1,$d7,$02,$3e,$02,$ff,$3f,$3f,$02
   dc.b    $46,$c0,$c1,$c0,$c2,$c2,$3a,$c2,$3b,$02,$38,$02,$39,$01,$02,$d8
   dc.b    $f0,$d0,$c8,$02,$7e,$c0,$c4,$f8,$30,$01,$29,$01,$2a,$02,$44,$92
   dc.b    $d6,$aa,$c0,$a3,$aa,$80,$d3,$8b,$2e,$ca,$d3,$a0,$c9,$9a,$d2,$a4
   dc.b    $cd,$aa,$eb,$80,$cf,$a4,$cd,$66,$d2,$a8,$ce,$80,$d6,$04,$5e,$72
   dc.b    $ce,$60,$d5,$5d,$97,$f6,$54,$61,$54,$60,$e4,$fc,$ea,$52,$1c,$e0
   dc.b    $a9,$63,$54,$ff,$da,$62,$54,$67,$54,$66,$54,$65,$54,$64,$f2,$bc
   dc.b    $e0,$ac,$54,$e0,$a9,$7f,$e1,$51,$fb,$51,$fc,$51,$fd,$51,$fe,$80
   dc.b    $e8,$0f,$fc,$50,$ba,$5b,$50,$50,$bb,$50,$80,$e8,$14,$0c,$80,$e8
   dc.b    $0c,$f0,$80,$e8,$7b,$e0,$d8,$3f,$fd,$ef,$ec,$e9,$9a,$f2,$1e,$54
   dc.b    $9d,$54,$9c,$54,$90,$54,$8f,$92,$b7,$1c,$1f,$d5,$54,$8e,$54,$8d
   dc.b    $50,$50,$e0,$e8,$ba,$b2,$9e,$80,$9a,$aa,$aa,$1d,$9c,$bb,$c4,$da
   dc.b    $7c,$ea,$ba,$b2,$36,$db,$f8,$9d,$00,$be,$aa,$f4,$a0,$c8,$09,$8e
   dc.b    $a6,$0e,$a3,$92,$c6,$c0,$9a,$d4,$04,$24,$00,$c2,$ff,$5a,$32,$f0
   dc.b    $09,$e6,$54,$4f,$54,$4e,$54,$4d,$54,$4c,$54,$d5,$7e,$59,$54,$9c
   dc.b    $c3,$a8,$b1,$00,$ea,$1c,$80,$99,$57,$54,$56,$54,$5f,$11,$55,$60
   dc.b    $ff,$aa,$ea,$80,$9a,$a0,$fe,$06,$bc,$95,$54,$68,$d6,$5c,$d6,$12
   dc.b    $9c,$56,$dc,$e4,$9a,$ea,$84,$c4,$8f,$3f,$5c,$ac,$51,$09,$83,$f2
   dc.b    $62,$02,$63,$01,$88,$05,$7c,$a2,$f6,$51,$00,$91,$09,$24,$f2,$fc
   dc.b    $10,$25,$05,$64,$91,$f0,$96,$b2,$ee,$61,$1d,$92,$c1,$f2,$50,$91
   dc.b    $a8,$c2,$fc,$fe,$f0,$96,$ac,$b0,$f0,$48,$b1,$8d,$64,$e1,$20,$c3
   dc.b    $f0,$00,$9e,$8c,$aa,$92,$95,$78,$f2,$60,$f8,$09,$8e,$93,$92,$f3
   dc.b    $d1,$f5,$72,$90,$09,$1f,$36,$44,$ef,$00,$53,$40,$b1,$fa,$f1,$50
   dc.b    $4a,$ff,$ff,$50,$4b,$50,$4c,$50,$4d,$50,$4e,$50,$4f,$50,$55,$50
   dc.b    $56,$50,$57,$3d,$48,$50,$3d,$f8,$f5,$18,$50,$40,$f6,$fc,$f7,$2a
   dc.b    $a9,$2a,$20,$9a,$b6,$bb,$20,$90,$0a,$e8,$ee,$fe,$e8,$a4,$a4,$ff
   dc.b    $e4,$f4,$c6,$80,$de,$0e,$b5,$50,$46,$50,$47,$50,$48,$50,$3f,$c2
   dc.b    $3a,$50,$3b,$50,$42,$50,$43,$a0,$ff,$51,$5f,$55,$50,$52,$50,$44
   dc.b    $50,$45,$d8,$f1,$3c,$f2,$e4,$c3,$2e,$f8,$09,$a0,$8e,$95,$05,$a0
   dc.b    $fd,$80,$88,$0a,$e0,$ef,$0e,$b2,$c5,$ce,$55,$62,$00,$bb,$5c,$f8
   dc.b    $0a,$60,$f6,$5c,$8a,$3c,$5a,$2b,$2a,$d2,$fe,$01,$12,$a0,$09,$52
   dc.b    $f3,$f0,$5a,$f3,$8e,$fe,$30,$91,$f0,$b6,$f2,$ea,$8a,$32,$c0,$d1
   dc.b    $96,$fd,$2e,$bd,$f0,$b2,$fe,$12,$cb,$2c,$c0,$40,$fd,$0e,$a0,$5c
   dc.b    $8f,$be,$56,$a0,$a6,$4e,$a2,$51,$82,$b8,$09,$88,$a1,$53,$22,$b8
   dc.b    $2d,$c0,$82,$f5,$27,$f0,$f8,$0b,$a6,$b9,$c0,$81,$54,$34,$54,$33
   dc.b    $54,$32,$f0,$ed,$92,$40,$d1,$e0,$ea,$1a,$c0,$82,$54,$37,$c0,$81
   dc.b    $68,$68,$55,$72,$f2,$58,$aa,$81,$41,$00,$e0,$60,$8e,$b0,$0a,$c0
   dc.b    $80,$09,$7a,$b0,$0a,$bf,$28,$80,$c0,$40,$c0,$be,$cc,$a3,$cc,$00
   dc.b    $d8,$0a,$f0,$00,$d8,$0c,$8a,$ba,$f0,$00,$d8,$0c,$f0,$00,$d8,$0a
   dc.b    $88,$fe,$54,$b4,$7f,$fd,$cc,$f4,$f4,$bc,$f4,$bb,$f4,$ba,$f4,$80
   dc.b    $d1,$7c,$d1,$bf,$50,$c0,$f8,$ff,$fa,$aa,$f8,$ab,$f8,$ac,$f8,$ad
   dc.b    $f8,$ae,$d4,$91,$26,$b7,$f8,$b1,$f8,$fb,$dd,$b2,$f8,$b3,$16,$b0
   dc.b    $0b,$38,$af,$38,$b0,$30,$06,$b0,$0c,$38,$a9,$f0,$f8,$0e,$d6,$ed
   dc.b    $a8,$f0,$f8,$0e,$a7,$f0,$f8,$0d,$ff,$f8,$13,$f0,$d5,$f0,$f8,$0e
   dc.b    $d6,$f0,$f8,$0e,$d7,$fd,$ff,$05,$6e,$f2,$f8,$09,$f4,$d8,$f0,$d9
   dc.b    $55,$71,$55,$70,$55,$6f,$50,$dd,$7f,$7f,$f0,$de,$f0,$df,$f0,$e0
   dc.b    $f2,$18,$00,$f1,$72,$51,$73,$50,$ef,$f0,$d8,$f0,$ff,$f1,$f2,$00
   dc.b    $d9,$a2,$fe,$1f,$a1,$88,$7f,$70,$a1,$89,$a2,$2c,$a2,$2d,$a2,$1a
   dc.b    $f4,$f8,$c8,$67,$02,$59,$5d,$ef,$a0,$6c,$f0,$fe,$f2,$5a,$00,$d4
   dc.b    $9b,$f8,$4c,$2d,$00,$2e,$ac,$e8,$0a,$2f,$ff,$6d,$50,$30,$50,$31
   dc.b    $50,$36,$50,$37,$50,$3c,$40,$df,$1e,$40,$d9,$1b,$ad,$6a,$7c,$e7
   dc.b    $54,$e2,$8d,$88,$94,$f8,$d4,$a0,$8c,$92,$8e,$ee,$cb,$8f,$05,$19
   dc.b    $ee,$bf,$2a,$e2,$f4,$80,$88,$0a,$e6,$04,$14,$f2,$e0,$ba,$f6,$ee
   dc.b    $c0,$d3,$94,$f5,$e0,$c0,$d0,$15,$58,$85,$80,$84,$da,$
'Kosinski' is the nickname of a compression format used by various Mega Drive games, and this source file contains data compressed in this format. The header, when translated, says...
Code:
; Before compression $8000  After compression $2c00  Compression ratio 34.4%  Number of cells 1024
'Cells' refers to Mega Drive tile graphics, which are 32 bytes each. It doesn't make such sense in this context, since it's not tiles that are being compressed, but rather Aquatic Ruin Zone's level chunk data.

Anyway, what we can learn from this source file is that Kosinski-compressed data wasn't included into the ROM as binary data, but rather assembly data for the assembler to process. This is unusual, as every assembler that I've worked with supports including binary data directly, without requiring this odd shim.

Regardless, this assembly file also possibly indicates why Kosinski files are always padded to 0x10 bytes: each 'dc.b' directive in the source file is 0x10 values long, so perhaps the tool that produced this assembly file was unable to output a 'dc.b' that was less than 0x10 values long, and so it would instead output dummy 0 values until the 'dc.b' was 'full'.

Closing
Aaaaaaand... that's it. I think that's all I know about Sonic the Hedgehog's source code. Hopefully this information is of use to someone.

Devon · May 24, 2022

I've been digging through the Sonic 2 Nick Arcade and Sonic CD Gems collection symbols for a bit, among other things, and gathered a little collection of what certain labels were called in the source code:

Sonic 1 debug font = ascii

PlaySound = bgmset

PlaySound_Special = soundset

ClearScreen = scrinit

QueueDMATransfer = dmactrset

EniDec = mapdevr

RandomNumber = random

CalcSine = sinset

CalcAngle = atan

PalLoad1 = colorset

PalLoad2 = colorset2

PalPointers = colortbl

Pal_FadeFromBlack = fadein

Pal_FadeToBlack = fadeout

Pal_FadeFromWhite = flashin

Pal_FadeToWhite = flashout

PalCycle_Load = clchgctr

ChangeRingFrame = syspatchg

LevelSizeLoad = scr_set

DeformBgLayer = scroll

RunDynamicLevelEvents = scrchk

loadZoneBlockMaps = mapinit

LoadTilesAsYouMove = scrollwrt

LoadTilesFromStart = mapwrt

LoadCollisionIndexes = scdset

ConvertCollisionArray = scdcnv

BuildSprites = patset

DrawSprite = spatset

RunObjects = action

Obj_Index = act_tbl

DisplaySprite = actionsub

DeleteObject = frameout

MarkObjGone = frameoutchk

MarkObjGone_P1 = frameoutchkd

AnimateSprite = patchg

SingleObjLoad = actwkchk

SingleObjLoad2 = actwkchk2

TouchResponse = pcol

HurtCharacter = playdamageset

KillCharacter = playdieset

Sonic_ResetOnFloor = jumpcolsub

DebugMode = edit

JmpTbl_DbgObjLists = edittbl

SolidObject = hitchk

ObjectMoveAndFall = speedset

ObjectMove = speedset2

Obj79_SaveData = playsave

Obj79_LoadData = playload

AddPoints = scoreup

HudUpdate = scoreset

Hud_InitRings = ringinit

Hud_Base = scoreinit

AniArt_Load = efectwrt

LevelArtPointers = mapinittbl

ArtLoadCues = divdevtbl

SonicDynPLC = playwrtpat

Sonic 1 ColArray = scdtbl1/scdtbl

Sonic 1 ColArray2 = scdtbl2

Sonic 2 ColArray = scdtbl3

Sonic 2 ColArray2 = scdtbl4

Sonic 1 ColCurveMap = scddirtbl1

Sonic 2 ColCurveMap = scddirtbl2

Kos_Z80 (Sonic 1 PCM driver) = pcm_top (followed by pcm_end at the end)

Sonic 2 Nick Arcade objects (also referenced the leaked debug mode code):

Obj01/Sonic = play00

Obj02/Tails = fox (probably)

Obj03/Pathswapper = colichg

Obj06/EHZ corkscrew = sloop

Obj09/Sonic (special stage) = play01

Obj0B/Rotating CPZ floor = kaiten

Obj0C/Small CPZ platform = prodai

Obj10/Sonic (proto debug object) = play02

Obj12/HPZ emerald = gem

Obj13/HPZ waterfall = wfall

Obj14/HTZ seesaw = sisoo

Obj14/HTZ seesaw ball = sball

Obj18/Platform = shima

Obj1F/GHZ Crabmeat = kani

Obj21/HUD = score

Obj22/GHZ Buzz Bomber = hachi

Obj25/Ring = ring

Obj26/Monitor = item

Obj2B/GHZ Chopper = fish

Obj36/Spikes = toge

Obj38/Shield = baria

Obj38/Invincibility stars = muteki

Obj3B/GHZ purple rock = jyama

Obj3D/GHZ boss = boss1

Obj3E/Animal prison = masin

Obj41/Sonic 1 spring = sjump

Obj41/Sonic 2 spring = bane

Obj42/GHZ Newtron = kamere

Obj44/GHZ wall = kageb

Obj48/GHZ boss ball = btama

Obj49/EHZ waterfall = taki

Obj4A/Octopus = oct

Obj4B/Buzzer = wasp

Obj4C/Batbot = bbat/ba

Obj4D/Rhinobot = stego

Obj4E/Alligator bot = gator

Obj4F/Dinobot = redz

Obj50/Seahorse = seahorse

Obj51/Skyhorse = skyhorse

Obj52/Pirahna = bfish/bfish2/fish2

Obj54/Snail = snail

Obj55/Boss parent = bossba

Obj55/EHZ boss subtype = drillerguy

Obj56/Boss explosion = billbomb

Obj57/EHZ boss object 1 = bossdriller

Obj58/EHZ boss object 2 = driller

Obj79/Checkpoint = save

Obj8A/Sonic 1 credits = staff

Variables:

MainCharacter = playerwk

Camera_X_pos = scra_h_posit

Camera_Y_pos = scra_v_posit

Camera_BG_X_pos = scrb_h_posit

Camera_BG_Y_pos = scrb_v_posit

Camera_Min_Y_pos = scralim_up

Camera_Max_Y_pos = scralim_n_down

Camera_Min_Y_pos_Debug_Copy = editstack

Camera_Max_Y_pos_Debug_Copy = editstack2

Game_Mode = gmmode

Ctrl_1_Held = swdata1

Ctrl_1_Press = swdata1+1

Current_ZoneAndAct = stageno

Current_Zone = stageno

Current_Act = stageno+1

Debug_object = editno

Debug_Accel_Timer = edittimer

Debug_Speed = edittimer+1

v_ssrotate (Sonic 1) = rotspd

v_ssangle (Sonic 1) = rotdir

Object variables/SSTs:

id = actno

render_flags = actflg

art_tile = sproffset

mappings = patbase

x_pos = xposi

y_pos = yposi

x_vel = xspeed

y_vel = yspeed

mapping_frame = patno

anim = mstno

status = cddat

subtype = userflag

Other information:

Some of these other symbols were found in other data that hasn't been really properly documented out there yet. There's a whole section other symbols and even older code (I found an earlier version of the Emerald Hill boss and documented it here).

Mappings and DPLCs were definitely done in assembly, possibly by hand. Sprite mappings are generally labelled as "XXXXXpat", with labels for each sprite frame generally being labelled as "XXXXXspNN".

Tile data is labelled as "XXXXXcg".

Sonic 1 special stage maps are labelled as 'rotmaptblN"

Zones are referred to by their ID, not their name.

PLC lists are just labelled as "ddevNN".

There's a function that would load the Sonic 1 collision data if it was in Green Hill Zone, but it relies on how their development hardware worked, hence why it doesn't work in the build we have.

An object's main routine index table is labelled as "XXXXX_move_tbl".

An object's initialization routine is labelled as "XXXXXinit".

An object's main update routine is labelled as "XXXXXmove".

A common local label used when a free object slot was not found is ".worknai".

There's actually a reference to a totally scrapped boss that appeared to initially been made for Chemical Plant. Said symbols are "vacumeguy" and "bossvac".

Due to the nature of them using linking and XREFs, there's actually a couple of reused labels that are, of course, not exported.

Sonic CD developers called the functions that refer to the animals being deleted with a bad future set and the badniks being destroyed with a good future set as "friend_suicide" and "enemy_suicide" respectively. I know that English wasn't their native tongue, but I found it amusing.

Amy was called "emie" in Sonic CD's source code.

The "I'm outta here" in Sonic CD routine is just called "bye".

Of course, this isn't every symbol that's been leaked out, and I'm lacking on Sonic CD's for now, but it's a good chunk I have documented. This should be helpful on documenting the rest later on. A while ago, I did do a quick test of setting up every label in TouchResponse/pcol here. RAM and object variables aren't set up, though, just the code labels.

Devon · May 25, 2022

Just wanted to add that running a Sonic CD ELF file through objdump with the "-l" option while disassembling adds in the filenames and line numbers. The information is there.

Example:

Code:

813080c0 <action>:
action():
813080c0:       94 21 ff f0     stwu    r1,-16(r1)
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:40
813080c4:       7c 08 02 a6     mflr    r0
813080c8:       90 01 00 14     stw     r0,20(r1)
813080cc:       93 e1 00 0c     stw     r31,12(r1)
813080d0:       93 c1 00 08     stw     r30,8(r1)
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:44
813080d4:       3c 60 81 36     lis     r3,-32458
813080d8:       3b e3 c2 c4     addi    r31,r3,-15676
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:45
813080dc:       3b c0 00 00     li      r30,0
813080e0:       48 00 00 40     b       81308120 <action+0x60>
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:46
813080e4:       88 1f 00 00     lbz     r0,0(r31)
813080e8:       28 00 00 00     cmplwi  r0,0
813080ec:       41 82 00 2c     beq     81308118 <action+0x58>
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:53
813080f0:       7f e3 fb 78     mr      r3,r31
813080f4:       88 9f 00 00     lbz     r4,0(r31)
813080f8:       38 04 ff ff     addi    r0,r4,-1
813080fc:       54 05 10 3a     rlwinm  r5,r0,2,0,29
81308100:       3c 80 81 35     lis     r4,-32459
81308104:       38 04 42 70     addi    r0,r4,17008
81308108:       7c 80 2a 14     add     r4,r0,r5
8130810c:       81 84 00 00     lwz     r12,0(r4)
81308110:       7d 89 03 a6     mtctr   r12
81308114:       4e 80 04 21     bctrl
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:56
81308118:       3b de 00 01     addi    r30,r30,1
8130811c:       3b ff 00 44     addi    r31,r31,68
81308120:       2c 1e 00 80     cmpwi   r30,128
81308124:       41 80 ff c0     blt     813080e4 <action+0x24>
C:\project\GEMS\application\SonicCD\src\gc\main\ACTION.C:57
81308128:       83 e1 00 0c     lwz     r31,12(r1)
8130812c:       83 c1 00 08     lwz     r30,8(r1)
81308130:       80 01 00 14     lwz     r0,20(r1)
81308134:       7c 08 03 a6     mtlr    r0
81308138:       38 21 00 10     addi    r1,r1,16
8130813c:       4e 80 00 20     blr

Also, structure variables names are included in the .debug section, including the ones for objects, but I'm not quite sure how to get them extracted.
[IMG]

Devon · Jun 12, 2022

I know, double post and all, but if anyone would like to take a look at R11A's ELF file, extracted ".debug" section, and info generated from objdump, I have them here. The debug section appears to be nonstandard, and I'm not sure how I could go about figuring it out at all.

EDIT: lol figured it out

Devon · Jun 5, 2022

Took another dive into R11A.ELF and organized the symbols by section and filename:

Code:

main\ACTION.C
    .text
        action
        speedset_0
        speedset2
        actionsub
        frameout
        patset
        spatset

main\ACTSET.C
    .text
        flagwkclr
        actsetchk
        actsetinit
        actset
        tm_setchk
        actnoset
        actwkchk
        actwkchk2
        frameout_s
        frameout_s00
        frameout_s0

    .bss
        pAsetadr_dummy
        pAsetadr_w
        pAsetadrz_w

main\DAI_K.C
    .text
        dai_k
        dai_k_init
        dai_k_move
        k_move
        jumpchk_d

    .data
        k_daipat0
        k_daipat1
        k_daipat2
        k_daipat
        k_daichg0
        k_daichg
        dai_k_move_tbl
        pattbl_20

main\DAI_RD1.C
    .text
        dodai
        dodai_init
        dodai_move
        dodai_ud
        dodai_lr
        dodai_ride1
        dodai_ride2
        dodai_nA
        dodai_nB
        dodai_fix
        dodai_fal
        dodai_up
        dodai_upx
        dodai_rm
        dodai_lm
        dodai_sub
        dai_fout
        vfuta
        vfuta_init
        vfuta_move1
        vfuta_move2

    .data
        dai11a_pat1
        dai11a_pat2
        dai11a_pat3
        dai11a_pattbl
        dodai_acttbl
        dai_hstbl_13
        dai_mcnttbl_14
        dodai_mtype
        vfuta_pat0
        vfuta_pat1
        vfutapat
        vfuta_tbl
      
main\DIRCOL.C
    .text
        dircolm
        dircol
        dircol2
        dircol_d
        dircol_d3
        dircol_r
        dircol_r2
        dircol_r3
        dircol_l
        dircol_l2
        dircol_l3
        dircol_u
        dircol_u2
        dircol_u3
        emycol_u
        emycol_d
        emycol_d2
        emycol_d3
        dircolchk
        dircolchk1

main\DUMMY.C
    .text
        pa_set
        fadeout_s

main\EDIT.C
    .text
        edit

    .bss
        CKeyTogle

main\EMIE1.C
    .text
        emie1
        emie1_init
        emie1_matu
        emie1_dakii
        emie1_tobii
        emie1_tobim
        emie_play
        setdirect
        speedset
        speedsetx
        speedsety
        jumpchk_d_0
        pljumpset
        dakicheck
        empatchg
        emie1clrset
        emie1clrsetx
        heartset
        heart1
        heart1_init
        heart1_move

    .data
        em1_tbl
        emie1_clr
        ht1_tbl

main\EMIE1CG.C
    .data
        pat0
        pat1
        pat2
        pat3
        pat4
        pat5
        pat6
        pat7
        pat8
        pat9
        patA
        patB
        patC
        patD
        patE
        patF
        pat10
        emie1pat
        moji_pchg
        run_pchg
        kiss_pchg
        stnd2_pchg
        moji2_pchg
        kyoro_pchg
        em_pchg

main\ENEMY.C
    .text
        ene_ari
        ari_init
        ari_fall
        ari_move
        ene_chou
        chou_init
        chou_move
        ene_ka
        ka_init
        ka_move
        ka_turn
        ka_down
        ka_stop
        ene_kamemusi
        kamemusi_init
        kamemusi_fall
        kamemusi_move
        area
        kamemusi_stop
        kamemusi_stop1
        kamemusi_tama
        kamemusi_tama_init
        tama
        tama_init
        tama_move
        ene_tagame_a
        tagame_init
        tagame_wait
        tagame_wait1
        tagame_jump
        tagame_jump1
        ene_tama

    .data
        ari_pchg00
        ari_pchg01
        ari_pchg
        ari0
        ari1
        ari2
        ari3
        ari_pat
        chou_pchg00
        chou_pchg01
        chou_pchg
        chou1e
        chou2e
        chou3e
        chou1b
        chou2b
        chou3b
        e_chou_pat
        b_chou_pat
        pchg_e_0
        pchg_e_1
        pchg_e
        pchg_b_0
        pchg_b_1
        pchg_b
        ka1e
        ka2e
        ka3e
        ka4e
        ka5e
        ka1b
        ka2b
        ka3b
        ka4b
        ka5b
        b_ka_pat
        e_kamem_pchg00
        e_kamem_pchg01
        e_kamem_pchg
        b_kamem_pchg00
        b_kamem_pchg01
        b_kamem_pchg
        kamem_pat00e
        kamem_pat00b
        kamem_pat01
        kamem_pat02
        e_kamem_pat
        b_kamem_pat
        tama_pchg00
        tama_pchg
        tama_pat00
        tama_pat01
        tama_pat02
        tama_pat03
        tama_pat
        e_tagame_pchg00
        e_tagame_pchg01
        e_tagame_pchg
        b_tagame_pchg00
        b_tagame_pchg01
        b_tagame_pchg
        tagame_pat00
        tagame_pat01
        tagame_pat02
        tagame_pat03e
        tagame_pat04e
        tagame_pat05e
        tagame_pat03b
        tagame_pat04b
        tagame_pat05b
        tagame_pat06
        e_tagame_pat
        b_tagame_pat

main\EQU.C
    .bss
        ta_flag
        clrspflg_save
        flagworkcnt
        flagworkcnt2
        pl_suu
        main_play
        pl_air
        pltimeover_f
        plring_f2
        pl_suu_f
        plring_f
        pltime_f
        plscore_f
        plring
        plscore
        play_start
        start_flag
        plpower_b
        plpower_m
        plpower_s
        plpower_a
        plflag
        plflag_s
        plxposi_s
        plyposi_s
        plring_s
        pltime_s
        time_flag
        scralim_down_s
        scra_h_posit_s
        scra_v_posit_s
        scrb_h_posit_s
        scrb_v_posit_s
        scrc_h_posit_s
        scrc_v_posit_s
        scrz_h_posit_s
        scrz_v_posit_s
        waterposi_m_s
        water_flag_s
        waterflag_s
        plring_f2_s
        generate_flag
        plsubchg_flag
        enkeino
        projector_flag
        special_flag
        conbine_flag
        enecgflg
        emie3end
        extrascore
        markerno
        gf_flag
        chibi_s
        tv_flag
        edittimer
        time_stop
        sys_pattim
        sys_patno
        sys_pattim2
        sys_patno2
        sys_pattim3
        sys_patno3
        sys_pattim4
        sys_patno4
        sys_ringtimer
        editstack
        editstack2
        mapcheck
        blkno
        edit_user
        sysdirec
        prio_flag
        init_flag
        boss_sound
        shut_flag
        st6clrchg
        chibi_flag
        mapwrt_cnt
        startcolor
        colorcnt
        int_flg
        linkdata
        cltbladr
        ranum
        cgwrtcnt
        cgwrttim
        dmastack
        waterposi
        waterposi_m
        watermoveposi
        waterspeed
        water_flag
        waterflag
        waterflag2
        scralim_n_left
        scralim_n_right
        scralim_n_up
        scralim_n_down
        scralim_left
        scralim_right
        scralim_up
        scralim_down
        scrar_no
        scra_h_keep
        scra_v_keep
        scra_hz
        scra_vz
        scra_vline
        scrh_flag
        scrv_flag
        scra_h_count
        scra_v_count
        scrb_h_count
        scrb_v_count
        scrc_h_count
        scrc_v_count
        scrz_h_count
        scrz_v_count
        limmoveflag
        playpatno1
        kusya_flag
        plmaxspdwk
        pladdspdwk
        plretspdwk
        playpatno
        playwrtflag
        asetposi
        time_item
        backto_cnt
        scr_cnt
        demo_adr
        demo_cnt
        swbufcnt
        scra_hline
        bossflag
        bossstart
        loopmapno
        loopmapno2
        ballmapno
        ballmapno2
        watercoliflag
        waterstop
        mizuflag
        sekichyuflag
        plautoflag
        specflag
        dai2rmvflag
        emyscorecnt
        timebonus
        ringbonus
        bonus_f
        edplayflag
        ms_wflg
        lpKeepWork
        lpFadeFlag
        lpcolorwk4
        lpcolorwk3
        lpcolorwk2
        lpcolorwk
        switchflag
        waterdirec
        clchgtim
        clchgcnt
        plposiwkadr
        scdadr
        byecnt1
        byecnt0
        asetadrz2
        asetadrz
        asetadr2
        asetadr
        actset_rno
        dirstk
        scrflagz
        scrflagc
        scrflagb
        scrflaga
        scr_timer
        scr_die
        scroll_start
        zone_flag
        scrz_v_posit
        scrz_h_posit
        scrc_v_posit
        scrc_h_posit
        scrb_v_posit
        scrb_h_posit
        scra_v_posit
        scra_h_posit
        divdevwk
        cgchgtim
        cgchgcnt
        pauseflag
        intcnt
        hscroll
        vscroll
        swdata2
        swdata1
        swdata
        gmmode
        actwk
        lphscrollbuff
        playposiwk
        pbuffer
        hscrollwork
        flowwk
        blockwk
        pmapwk
        linework
        col_x
        col_y
        scrflagzw
        scrflagcw
        scrflagbw
        scrflagaw
        scrz_v_posiw
        scrz_h_posiw
        scrc_v_posiw
        scrc_h_posiw
        scrb_v_posiw
        scrb_h_posiw
        scra_v_posiw
        scra_h_posiw
        systemtimer
        editmode
        editno
        flowercnt
        flowerposi
        debugflag
        demoflag
        debugwork
        pltime
        stageno
        gametimer
        gameflag
        flagwork

main\ET1.C
    .text
        et
        m_init
        m_wait
        m_die
        m1wait
        a_hover

    .data
        tpat00
        tpat01
        tpat07
        tpat02
        tpat03
        tpat04
        tpat05
        tpat06
        pat_et
        tbl0sproffset
        tbl0
        pchg0
        pchg

main\ETC.C
    .text
        sinset
        atan_sonic

main\FCOL.C
    .text
        fcol
        fcol_d
        fcol_r
        fcol_u
        fcol_l
        scdend
        scdchk
        scdchk2
        scdend_r
        scdchk_r
        scdchk2_r
        scramapad
        dirchk
        scdcnv
        st_elseDataChk
        st_wackyDataChk
        st_starDataChk
        st_metalDataChk
        CCset
        CSset

main\GAME.C
    .text
        DLL_meminit
        DLL_memfree
        Print_Msg
        Get_vscroll
        Get_scra_h_posiw
        Get_scrb_h_posiw
        SetDebugFlag
        game
        game_init
        play_act_set
        scdset
        syspatchg
        back_to_cnt
        bye_cnt
        sdfdout
        sdfdin
        da_set
        main

    .data
        da_tbl_189

    .bss
        Interupt_Counter
        PauseIcon
        SetGrid
        EAsprset
        ClrSpriteDebug
        WaveRequest
        CDPlay
        CDPause
        ChangeTileBmp
        WaveAllStop
        sMemSet
        sMemCpy
        sRandom
        sPrintf
        sOutputDebugString
        sOpenFile
        sReadFile
        sCloseFile
        lpghWnd
        sGetFileSize

main\GOAL.C
    .text
        gene
        gene_init
        gene_move0
        gene_move1
        kira_set
        kira_move
        gene_coli
        bring2
        bring2init
        bring2move0
        bring2move1
        bigring
        bring_init
        bring_move0
        bring_move1
        bring_coli
        mosugu
        mosug_init
        mosug_move0
        mosug_move1
        offset_set
        goal
        goal_init
        goal_move0
        goal_move1
        goal_move2
        goal_move3

    .data
        gene_tbl
        bring2_tbl
        bigring_tbl
        mosugu_tbl
        goal_tbl

main\IO.C
    .text
        SWdataSet
        scrinit

main\ITEM.C
    .text
        timedisp
        td_init
        td_move
        t_item
        t_item_init
        t_item_move0
        t_item_move1
        t_item_move2
        flagwkadr
        ride_on_chk_i
        item
        iteminit
        itemmove
        itemmove2
        itemmove3
        itemget
        powerup_init
        item2
        item2init
        item2move
        item2die
        error_item

    .data
        itemchg0
        itemchg1
        itemchg2
        itemchg3
        itemchg4
        itemchg5
        itemchg6
        itemchg7
        itemchg8
        itemchg9
        itemchg
        ite00
        ite01
        ite02
        ite03
        ite04
        ite05
        ite06
        ite07
        ite08
        ite09
        ite0a
        ite0b
        ite0c
        ite0d
        ite0e
        ite0f
        ite10
        ite11
        ite12
        ite13
        itempat
        cor00
        cor01
        cor02
        cor03
        cor04
        cor05
        cor06
        cor07
        cor08
        cor09
        cor0a
        cor0b
        cor0c
        cor0d
        cor0e
        cor0f
        corepat

main\PLAYER.C
    .text
        bye_chk
        play00
        muteki_set
        play00init
        mizuki_set
        mapno_chk
        scr_h
        play00move
        playpowercnt
        playposiwkset
        plwaterchk
        playsave
        backto_chk
        play00walk
        play00jump
        ball00walk
        ball00jump
        chk11
        levermove
        lmovecol
        plwalk_l
        plwalk_r
        balllmove
        ballwalk_l
        ballwalk_r
        jumpmove
        limitchk
        ballchk
        ballset
        jumpchk
        jumpchk2
        keispd
        keispd2
        fallchk
        direcchg
        jumpcolchk
        jumpcolsub
        jumpcolsub0
        play00damage
        play00damage_sub
        play00die
        play00die_sub
        play00erase
        loopchk
        st7_x
        patchgmain
        patchgmain2
        playrunchg
        playrunchg2
        playrunchg3
        platetc_chg
        little_runchg
        little_patchg
        frip_spd

    .bss
        WaveClear
        Brake_Req
        Brake_Sw

main\PLAYPAT1.C
    .data
        pat00
        pat01
        pat02
        pat03
        pat04
        pat05
        pat06
        pat07
        pat08
        pat09
        pat0a
        pat0b
        pat0c
        pat0d
        pat0e
        pat0f
        pat10
        pat11
        pat12
        pat13
        pat14
        pat15
        pat16
        pat17
        pat18
        pat19
        pat1a
        pat1b
        pat1c
        pat1d
        pat1e
        pat1f
        pat20
        pat21
        pat22
        pat23
        pat24
        pat25
        pat26
        pat27
        pat28
        pat29
        pat2a
        pat2b
        pat2c
        pat2d
        pat2e
        pat2f
        pat30
        pat31
        pat32
        pat33
        pat34
        pat35
        pat36
        pat37
        pat38
        pat39
        pat3a
        pat3b
        pat3c
        pat3d
        pat3e
        pat3f
        pat40
        pat41
        pat42
        pat43
        pat44
        pat45
        pat46
        pat47
        pat48
        pat49
        pat4a
        pat4b
        pat4c
        pat4d
        pat4e
        pat4f
        pat50
        pat51
        pat52
        pat53
        pat54
        pat55
        pat56
        pat57
        pat58
        pat59
        pat5a
        pat5b
        pat5c
        pat5d
        pat5e
        pat5f
        pat60
        pat61
        pat62
        pat63
        pat64
        pat65
        pat66
        pat67
        pat68
        pat69
        pat6a
        pat6b
        pat6c
        pat6d
        pat6e
        pat6f
        pat70
        pat71
        pat72
        pat73
        pat74
        pat75
        pat76
        pat77
        pat78
        pat79
        pat7a
        pat7b
        pat7c
        pat7d
        pat7e
        pat7f
        pat80
        pat81
        pat82
        pat83
        pat84
        pat85
        pat86
        pat87
        pat88
        pat89
        pat8a
        pat8b
        pat8c
        pat8d
        pat8e
        pat8f
        pat90
        pat91
        pat92
        pat93
        pat94
        pat95
        pat96
        pat97
        pat98
        pat99
        pat9a
        pat9b
        pat9c
        pat9d
        pat9e
        pat9f
        pata0
        pata1
        pata2
        pata3
        pata4
        pata5
        pata6
        pata7
        pata8
        pata9
        pataa
        patab
        patac
        patad
        patae
        pataf
        patb0
        patb1
        patb2
        patb3
        patb4
        patb5
        patb6
        patb7
        patb8
        patb9
        patba
        patbb
        patbc
        patbd
        patbe
        patbf
        patc0
        patc1
        patc2
        patc3
        patc4
        patc5
        sncpat

main\PLAYSP.C
    .text
        playsp

main\PLAYSUB.C
    .text
        patchg
        playsave0
        marker
        marker_init
        marker_move0
        marker_move1
        marker_move2
        plairset
        tensuu_set
        tensuu0
        bakuha
        baku_init
        baku_move
        baku_die
        flower
        flow_init
        flow_move0
        flow_move1
        flow_sub
        flow_sub1
        flow_move2
        flow_move3
        mizukiri
        mizuki_init
        mizuki_move
        mizuki_move2
        futa
        ride_on_chk_f
        futa_init
        futa_move
        futa_move2
        futa_move3
        exit2_set
        col_chk
        exit2
        exit2_init
        exit2_move
        exit2_erase
        baria
        bariainit
        bariamove
        mutekimove
        backtomove
        muteki_sub
        actionsub0
        ball
        ball_init
        ball_move
        ball_ball
        ball_rd7
        ball_coli

    .data
        flowchg0
        flowchg1
        flowchg2
        flowchg3
        flowchg
        flo00
        flo01
        flo02
        flo03
        flo04
        flo05
        flo06
        flo07
        flow_pat

main\PLCHG.C
    .data
        plchg00
        plchg01
        plchg02
        plchg03
        plchg04
        plchg05
        plchg06
        plchg07
        plchg08
        plchg09
        plchg10
        plchg11
        plchg12
        plchg13
        plchg14
        plchg15
        plchg16
        plchg17
        plchg18
        plchg19
        plchg20
        plchg21
        plchg22
        plchg23
        plchg24
        plchg25
        plchg26
        plchg27
        plchg28
        plchg29
        plchg30
        plchg31
        plchg32
        plchg33
        plchg34
        plchg35
        plchg36
        plchg37
        plchg38
        plchg39
        plchg40
        plchg41
        plchg42
        plchg43
        plchg44
        plchg45
        plchg46
        plchg47
        plchg48
        plchg49
        plchg50
        plchg51
        plchg52
        plchg53
        plchg54
        plchg55
        plchg56
        plchg57
        playchg

main\RIDECHK.C
    .text
        ride_on_clr
        ride_on_set
        hitchk_u
        ridechk
        ride_on_chk
        hitchk
        hit_v
        hit_x
        push_set
        push_clr
        hit_y
        hit_yu
        hit_yu1
        hit_yu0
        hit_e
        side_coli
        hit_set
        hit_clr

main\RING.C
    .text
        ring
        ringinit_0
        ringmove
        ringget
        ringgetsub
        ringdie
        ringerase
        flyring
        flyringinit
        flyringmove
        flyringget
        flyringdie
        flyringerase

    .data
        ringsp0
        ringsp1
        ringsp2
        ringsp3
        ringsp4
        ringsp5
        ringsp6
        ringsp7
        ringsp8
        ringpat
        ringchg0
        ringchg1
        ringchg2
        ringchg

main\SCORE.C
    .text
        tensuu
        ten_init
        ten_move
        score
        score_init
        score_move
        scoreup
        scoreset
        ringinit
        scoreinit
        posiwrt
        bonuswrt
        ringwrt
        scorewrt
        scorewrt2
        posiwrt0
        playsuuwrt
        timewrt1
        timewrt
        timewrt0

    .data
        subtbl
        subtblh4
        tenpat0
        tenpat1
        tenpat2
        tenpat3
        tenpat4
        tenpat5
        tenpat
        scorepat0
        scorepat1
        scorepat2
        scorepat3
        scorepat
        scoreinittbl
        ringinittbl

main\SCRCHK.C
    .text
        scrchk
        zone1chk
        zone11chk
        zone12chk
        zone13chk
        zone3chk
        zone31chk
        zone33chk
        zone6chk
        zone5chk
        zone51chk
        zone53chk
        zone8chk
        zone81chk
        zone83chk
        zone4chk
        zone41chk
        zone42chk
        zone4chk
        zone7chk
        zone71chk
        zone72chk
        zone73chk
        bossclr_scr
        bossclr_scrset

main\SPRING.C
    .text
        iwa
        iwa_init
        iwa_move
        koma
        koma_init
        koma_move
        koma_move2
        spring_d
        spr_d_init
        spr_d_move
        spring
        sjumpinit
        ride_on_chk_s
        sjumpmove
        sjumpmove2
        sjumpmove3
        ride_on_chk_s1
        sdushmove
        sdushmove2
        sdushmove3
        ride_on_chk_s2
        sjump2move
        sjump2move2
        sjump2move3
        sjump3move
        sjump3move2
        sjump3move3

    .data
        spat00
        spat01
        spat02
        spat03
        spat04
        spat05
        spat06
        spat07
        spat08
        kpat00
        kpat01
        ipat00
        spat10
        spat11
        spat12
        spat13
        spat14
        spat15
        spat16
        spat17
        spat18
        springpat
        spring90pat
        spring45pat
        springpat2
        spring90pat2
        spring45pat2
        komapat
        iwapat
        springchg0
        springchg
        komachg0
        komachg
        sjump_move_tbl

main\SUICIDE.C
    .text
        enemy_suicide
        friend_suicide

main\TAKI.C
    .text
        taki
        taki_init
        taki_move
        jisin_set
        jisin

    .data
        shibukichg0
        shibukichg
        shibuki0
        shibuki1
        shibukipat
        taki_move_tbl

main\TBL0.C
    .data
        genechg0
        genechg1
        genechg
        genepat0
        genepat1
        genepat2
        genepat3
        genepat4
        genepat5
        genepat6
        genepat7
        genepat8
        genepat
        bringchg0
        bringchg
        bringpat0
        bringpat1
        bringpat2
        bringpat3
        bringpat
        bring2chg0
        bring2chg
        bring2pat0
        bring2pat1
        bring2pat2
        bring2pat3
        bring2pat4
        bring2pat5
        bring2pat6
        bring2pat7
        bring2pat
        goalchg0
        goalchg
        goalsp0
        goalsp1
        goalsp2
        goalsp3
        goalsp4
        goalsp5
        goalpat

main\TBL1.C
    .data
        bariachg0
        bariachg1
        bariachg2
        bariachg3
        bariachg4
        bariachg5
        bariachg6
        bariachg7
        bariachg8
        bariachg
        bar00
        bar01
        bar02
        bar03
        bar04
        bar05
        bar06
        bar07
        bar08
        bar09
        bar0a
        bar0b
        bar0c
        bariapat
        exit2chg0
        exit2chg1
        exit2chg2
        exit2chg
        exi00
        exi01
        exi02
        exi03
        exi04
        exi05
        exi06
        exit2pat
        futachg0
        futachg
        fut00
        fut01
        futapat
        mizukichg0
        mizukichg
        miz00
        miz01
        miz02
        mizukipat
        baku_chg0
        baku_chg1
        bakuchg
        bak00
        bak01
        bak02
        bak03
        bak04
        bak05
        bak06
        bakupat
        mkchg
        markerchg
        pat00_0
        pat01_0
        pat02_0
        pat03_0
        markerpat

main\TREE.C
    .text
        hoshi
        hoshi_init
        hoshi_move
        kasoku0
        k0_init
        k0_move
        kasoku
        kasoku_init
        kasoku_move

    .data
        hoshi_tbl
        k0_tbl
        kasoku_tbl
        hoshipat0
        hoshipat1
        hoshipat
        kasokuchg0
        kasokuchg1
        kasokuchg2
        kasokuchg
        kasokupat_a
        kasokupat_b
        kasokupat_c
        kasokupat_d
        kasokupat_e
        kasokupat_f
        kasokupat_g
        kasokupat_h
        kasokupat_i
        kasokupat_j
        kasokupat

main\ZONE.C
    .text
        over
        over_init
        over_move
        title
        title_init
        title_move0
        title_move1
        title_back0
        title_back1
        title_wait
        clear
        clear_init0
        clear_init
        clear_move0
        clear_move1
        clear_move2
        clear_wait

    .data
        game0
        game1
        gamepat
        time0
        time1
        timepat
        gotpat0
        gotpat1
        gotpat2
        gotpat3
        madepat0
        madepat1
        madepat2
        madepat3
        bonuspat
        bonuspat0
        gotpat
        gotpat_0
        madepat
        madepat_0
        cleartbl

    .bss
        ClearSountWait
        WaitCount

main\ZONETBL1.C
    .data
        titletbl
        titlepat0
        titlepat1
        titlepat2
        titlepat3
        titlepat4
        titlepat5
        titlepat6
        titlepat7
        titlepat8
        title_pat

main\R1\ACT11A.C
    .text
        noact

    .data
        act_tbl

main\R1\COL1A.C
    .text
        clchgctr
        colchg11a
        clchg_sub0
        fadein0
        fadein0_new
        fadein1
        fadein2
        fadeout_new
        fadeout1
        fadeout2
        flashin
        flashin_new
        flashin1
        flashin2
        flashout_new
        flashout1
        flashout2
        colorset
        colorset2
        colorset00
        FadeProc

    .data
        clst1_1a0
        clst1_1a1
        advacolor
        advacolor2
        gamecolor
        zone1colora0
        zone1colora1
        zone1colora
        colortbl
        col1a0cnt
        col1a0col
        col1a1cnt
        col1a1col
        col1a2cnt
        col1a2col
        col1a3cnt
        col1a3col
        col1a4cnt
        col1a4col
        col1a5cnt
        col1a5col

    .bss
        FadeCount

main\R1\DEV11A.C
    .data
        mapinittbl

main\R1\EDTBL11A.C
    .data
        edit_tbl

main\R1\KOWASI1.C
    .text
        kowasi
        m_init_0
        m_wait_0
        m_down

    .data
        spr_kowasi00
        spr_kowasi01
        spr_kowasi02
        spr_kowasi03
        spr_kowasi04
        spr_kowasi05
        spr_kowasi06
        spr_kowasi07
        spr_kowasi08
        spr_kowasi09
        spr_kowasi0a
        spr_kowasi0b
        spr_kowasi0c
        spr_kowasi0d
        pat_kowasi

main\R1\KUZUR11A.C
    .data
        pata00
        patbase_kuzure_a
        tbla00
        tbla
        patc00
        patc01
        patc02
        patc03
        patc04
        patc05
        patc06
        patc
        patb00
        patb01
        patb02
        patb03
        patb04
        patbase_kuzure_b
        tblb00
        tblb01
        tblb02
        tblb03
        tblb04
        tblb
        patd00
        patd01
        patd02
        patd03
        patd04
        patd05
        patd

main\R1\KUZURE.C
    .text
        kuzureru_tikei
        acta_init
        acta_check
        actb_wait
        actb_down
        actb_init_a
        actb_init_b

main\R1\SCR11A.C
    .text
        enecginit
        divdevset
        scr_set
        playposiset
        scrbinit
        scroll
        scroll_h
        scrh_move
        right_check
        left_check
        scroll_v
        sv_move_main
        sv_move_main1
        sv_move_main2
        sv_move_sub2
        sv_move_sub
        sv_move_minus
        scrv_up_ch
        sv_move_plus
        scrv_down_ch
        scrv_move
        scrollb_v
        scrollb_h
        scrollc_h
        scrollz_h
        scrollwrt
        scrollwrtb
        hblockwrt
        hblockwrt1
        vblockwrt
        blockwrt
        mapadrset
        mapadrset1
        mapadrset99
        mapadrset2
        block_wrt
        block_chk
        vramadrset
        vramadrset1
        vramadrset0
        vramadrset99
        scr11a_test
        mapwrt
        mapwrt2
        mapwrt3
        mapwrt_z81a
        mapwrt_sub
        mapinit
        mapset

    .data
        z81awrttbl
        vblockwrtbtbl
        mapwrt_tbl

main\R1\SHOOT1.C
    .text
        kage
        kage_init
        kage_move
        ana
        kage1_init
        kage1_move0
        kage1_move1
        kage1_chk
        kage1_clr
        shooter
        shooterinit
        shootermove
        shootermove2
        shootermove3
        shooterspdset
        mspd_set

    .data
        kag00
        kag01
        kagepat
        ana00
        kage1pat
        shooterposi_0
        shooterposi_1
        shooterposi_2
        shooterpositbl
      
main\R1\SISAKE.C
    .text
        colli_pl_sikake_d
        colli_pl_sikake
        tobita1
        tobita_init
        tobita_stop_r
        tobita_stop_l
        tobita_ride_r
        tobita_ride_l
        tobita_yure_r
        tobita_yure_l
        hariyama
        hari_init
        hari_normal

    .data
        tobita1chg0
        tobita1chg1
        tobita1chg2
        tobitastop1
        tobitastop2
        tobita1chg
        tobita_a
        tobita_b
        tobita_c
        tobita_r_a
        tobita_r_b
        tobita_r_c
        tobita1_pat
        pat0_0
        hari12pat

main\R1\Z11ACT.C
    .data
        dummyarea
        asettbl
        asettblz

main\BLOCK.C
    .text
        block
        block_init
        block_move
        block_move2
        block_move3
        block_move4
        block_move5
        block_move6
        block_ride
        ride_on_chk_b

    .data
        block_tbl
        blockchg0
        blockchg1
        blockchg2
        blockchg
        block0
        block1
        block2
        block3
        block4
        block5
        blockpat

main\LOADER2.C
    .text
        ShortSWAP
        GetRoundStr
        ReadBlockMap
        ReadScrolMap
        soundset

    .data
        SeToWavTbl

main\BMP.C
    .bss
        SprBmp

main\R1\COLI1.C
    .text
        pcol
        CollitblDataXchk
        CollitblDataYchk
        ColliHitChk
        pcolitem
        pcolnomal
        pcolplay2
        pcolplay
        pcole
        playdamagechk
        playdamageset
        playdieset
        pcolspecial
        eggman_chk
        yago
        main_attack

    .data
        escoretbl
        colitbl

    .bss
        bCarry

main\R1\Z11ATBL.C
    .data
        scddirtbl
        scdtblwk
        scdtblwk2
        zone1scd
        mapwka
        mapwkb

main\SAVE.C
    .text
        playloadb
        playload

main\R1\FRIEND1.C
    .text
        t_roll
        rev_h
        set_sproffset
        friend
        t_init
        t_move
        t_movie
        p_init
        p_move
        p_movie

    .data
        pchg00
        pchg01
        pchg10
        pchg0_0
        pchg1
        spr_flicky1
        spr_flicky2
        spr_ricky1
        spr_ricky2
        spr_ricky3
        spr_ricky4
        spr_friend0
        spr_ricky5
        pat_friend0
        pat_friend1
        tbl0sproffset
      
main\R1\MOVIE1.C
    .text
        move1
        die
        mm_init
        mm_wait
        mm_die
        m_baku
        mm1wait
        sub
        s_init
        s_move

    .data
        movie1_pchg00
        movie1_pchg01
        movie1_pchg
        spr_movie1
        spr_movie2
        spr_movie3
        spr_movie4
        spr_movie5
        spr_movie0
        pat_movie
        tbl0_0

Code:

main\ACTION.C
    RunObjects
    ObjectMoveAndFall
    ObjectMove
    DisplaySprite
    DeleteObject
    BuildSprites
 
main\ACTSET.C
    ObjectsManager
    SingleObjLoad
    SingleObjLoad2
    MarkObjGone
 
main\DAI_K.C
    Spinning Platform
 
main\DAI_RD1.C
    Platform
    Vertical flapping door
 
main\DIRCOL.C
    CalcRoomInFront
    CalcRoomOverHead
    CheckFloorDist
    ObjCheckFloorDist
    CheckRightWallDist
    ObjCheckRightWallDist
    CheckCeilingDist
    ObjCheckCeilingDist
    CheckLeftWallDist
    ObjCheckLeftWallDist
 
main\DUMMY.C
    Routine to set object's tile ID
    Routine to fade out music
 
main\EDIT.C
    DebugMode
 
main\EMIE1.C
    Amy
 
main\EMIE1CG.C
    Amy mappings and animations
 
main\ENEMY.C
    Anton
    Pata-Bata
    Mosqui
    Kamemusi
    Tamabboh(?)
    Taga-Taga
 
main\EQU.C
    Level variables
 
main\ET1.C
    Robot generator
 
main\ETC.C
    CalcSine
    CalcAngle
 
main\FCOL.C
    AnglePos
    Find_Tile
    FindFloor
    FindWall
    ConvertCollisionArray
 
main\GAME.C
    Main level routine
    Routine to spawn player
    LoadCollisionIndexes
    ChangeRingFrame
    Routine to update time warp timer
    Routine to update bored timer
    Routine to pause music
    Routine to unpause music
    Routine to play level music
 
main\GOAL.C
    Flower capsule
    Big ring
    Goal post
    Signpost
 
main\IO.C
    ReadJoypads
    ClearScreen
 
main\ITEM.C
    Monitor/Time post
 
main\PLAYER.C
    Sonic
 
main\PLAYPAT1.C
    Sonic mappings
 
main\PLAYSP.C
    Routine for handling special level collision
 
main\PLAYSUB.C
    AnimateSprite
    Checkpoint
    ResumeMusic
    Test badnik
    Explosion
    Flower
    Spin tunnel waterfall splash
    Spin tunnel door
    Spin tunnel door splash
    Powerup (shield, invincibility stars, time warp stars)
    Spin tunnel tag
 
main\PLCHG.C
    Sonic animations
 
main\RIDECHK.C
    SolidObject
 
main\RING.C
    Ring
    Lost rings from getting hurt
 
main\SCORE.C
    HUD object
    AddPoints
    HudUpdate
    Hud_InitRings
    HudBase
 
main\SCRCHK.C
    RunDynamicLevelEvents
 
main\SPRING.C
    Moving spring with wheel object
    Spring object
 
main\SUICIDE.C
    Time zone checks for animals and badniks
 
main\TAKI.C
    Scrapped waterfall effect
    Scrapped earthquake effect
 
main\TBL0.C
    Flower capsule animations and mappings
    Big ring animations and mappings
    Signpost animations and mappings
 
main\TBL1.C
    Powerup animations and mappings
    Spin tunnel door splash animations and mappings
    Spin tunnel door animations and mappings
    Spin tunnel waterfall splash animations and mappings
    Explosion animations and mappings
    Checkpoint animations and mappings
 
main\TREE.C
    3D star plant
    3D loop/ramp booster
 
main\ZONE.C
    Game over
    Title card
    End results card
 
main\ZONETBL1.C
    Title card mappings
 
main\R1\ACT11A.C
    Null object
    ObjectIndex
 
main\R1\COL1A.C
    PalCycle_Load
    Pal_FadeFromBlack
    Pal_FadeToBlack
    Pal_FadeFromWhite
    Pal_FadeToWhite
    PalLoad_ForFade
    PalLoad_Now
 
main\R1\DEV11A.C
    LevelArtPointers
    ArtLoadCues(?)
 
main\R1\EDTBL11A.C
    JmpTbl_DbgObjLists
 
main\R1\KOWASI1.C
    Breakable wall
 
main\R1\KUZUR11A.C
    Collapsing platform mappings
 
main\R1\KUZURE.C
    Collapsing platform
 
main\R1\SCR11A.C
    Routine to initialize object graphics
    LoadPLC
    LevelSizeLoad
    InitCameraValues
    DeformBgLayer
    ScrollHoriz
    ScrollVerti
    Bg_Scroll_Y
    BGScroll_Block1
    BGScroll_Block2
    BGScroll_Block3
    LoadTilesAsYouMove
    DrawBlocks_LR
    DrawBlocks_TB
    DrawBlock
    GetBlock
    Routine to place a block at a position
    Routine to check if a block is on screen
    CalcBlockVRAMPos
    DrawInitialBG
    loadZoneBlockMaps
    loadLevelLayout
 
main\R1\SHOOT1.C
    Hollow log background
    Sonic shaped hole
    Hidden spin tunnel
 
main\R1\SISAKE.C
    Springboard
    Spikes
 
main\R1\Z11ACT.C
    Object layout data
 
main\BLOCK.C
    Small platform
 
main\LOADER2.C
    Gems Collection specific loading routines
    PlaySound
 
main\R1\COLI1.C
    TouchResponse
 
main\R1\Z11ATBL.C
    ColCurveMap
    ColArray
    ColArray2
    Level collision data
    Level layout data
 
main\SAVE.C
    Routine for loading data saved at checkpoint
    Routine for loading data saved in time travel
 
main\R1\FRIEND1.C
    Animal
 
main\R1\MOVIE1.C
    Metal Sonic projector

Devon · May 15, 2023

I would like to add something regarding ROM sections.

I've been taking a look at Sonic Jam, and I realized that each game has been split up into different files. In Sonic 1's case, there's "AC.SN1", "ACTTBL.SN1" (also ACTTBL_E.SN1" and "ACTTBL_N.SN1", because Jam has different difficulty settings), "DATA.SN1", and "TBL.SN1". "AC" is the game code, "DATA" holds compressed graphics, tilemaps, and stage blocks/chunks. "TBL" holds collision data, uncompressed graphics, and stage layouts (including special stages), and "ACTTBL" holds object layouts.

I then took a look at the disassembly, and I noticed that the padding between sections corresponds to how the game was split up in Jam.

"DATA" starts off with the Sega Logo graphics, and in the original ROM, you can see the padding placed before said graphics.
Code:
       rept $300
           dc.b   $FF
       endm
Nem_SegaLogo:   binclude   "artnem/Sega Logo (JP1).bin" ; large Sega logo
           even
The last piece of data in the "DATA" file is the graphics for the logo in the ending, and look at that, another piece of padding right after it in the original ROM:
Code:
Nem_EndStH:   binclude   "artnem/Ending - StH Logo.bin"
       even

       if Revision=0
       rept $104
       dc.b $FF           ; why?
       endm
       else
       rept $40
       dc.b $FF
       endm
       endif
After this bit of padding is the stage collision data, which so happens to be the "TBL" section
Code:
       if Revision=0
       rept $104
       dc.b $FF           ; why?
       endm
       else
       rept $40
       dc.b $FF
       endm
       endif
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Collision data
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AngleMap:   binclude   "collide/Angle Map.bin"
       even
CollArray1:   binclude   "collide/Collision Array (Normal).bin"
       even
       ...
The last bit of data in the "TBL" file is the graphics for the special stage ring, and in the original ROM, you can see another bit of padding placed after it:
Code:
Art_BigRing:   binclude   "artunc/Giant Ring.bin"
       even

       align   $100
And after that are the stage object layouts, aka "ACTTBL":
Code:
       align   $100

; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
; Sprite locations index
; ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ObjPos_Index:
       ; GHZ
       dc.w ObjPos_GHZ1-ObjPos_Index, ObjPos_Null-ObjPos_Index
       dc.w ObjPos_GHZ2-ObjPos_Index, ObjPos_Null-ObjPos_Index
       dc.w ObjPos_GHZ3-ObjPos_Index, ObjPos_Null-ObjPos_Index
       dc.w ObjPos_GHZ1-ObjPos_Index, ObjPos_Null-ObjPos_Index
The "ACTTBL" file ends with the last object layout, and, of course, in the original ROM, after that is some more padding:
Code:
ObjPos_Null:   dc.b $FF, $FF, 0, 0, 0,   0

       if Revision=0
       rept $62A
       dc.b $FF
       endm
       else
       rept $63C
       dc.b $FF
       endm
       endif
Which is then followed by the sound driver after.

So, based on this info, you can see that the original game had multiple ROM sections: the code ("AC"), compressed graphics, tilemaps, and stage blocks and chunks ("DATA"), stage collision, layouts (both regular and special stages), and uncompressed graphics ("TBL"), stage object layouts ("ACTTBL"), and then finally the sound driver and data. This is why such "useless" padding exists. Each section was aligned.

Sonic 2 works similarly, but it also adds the "RINGACT" (ring layouts) and "TBL2" (additional compressed graphics, placed between the sound driver + drum samples and music + SFX data) sections.

Devon · Sep 14, 2023

So, I was taking a look at the Sonic 2 patent, and I saw this (fyi, yes I know this isn't anything new, but there's just some things I feel like pointing out for the sake of this thread)

The patent has some pretty interesting things to note. Objects are indeed called sprites, with its structure of variables in RAM being a "sprite status table", which definitely shows where we got that name from. Stuff related to graphics and animation line up with the official variables names as well. The patent also goes into detail about how the corkscrew, pathswapping mechanism, and 2 player mode work, including detail on how the teleportation/swap monitor works.

From what I can tell, 16x16 blocks are referred to as "graphics (path) blocks", which its associated collision IDs referring to "collision blocks". Chunks don't seem to be referenced, since with collision and path swapping, that all happens on the block level, not the chunk level, so chunks are irrelevant in this case. The loop used to demonstrate the system is basically just a generic image referred to as just an "overlay path". As such, the sectioning shown in these images are on the block level.

Here's this tidbit from how the corkscrew works I wanna quickly mention. (sloop = the corkscrew in EHZ, called a "shuttle loop")

The "ride flag" that it refers to is bit 3 in the status SST ($22) for player 1, or bit 4 for player 2. And sure enough, the corkscrew object (Obj06) makes use of this flag to indicate that the player is running on it. Not quite sure why they refer to it or the "hit" flag as separate bytes, though.